000087798 001__ 87798 000087798 005__ 20210902121702.0 000087798 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1088/2053-1583/ab1e0a 000087798 0248_ $$2sideral$$a116229 000087798 037__ $$aART-2020-116229 000087798 041__ $$aeng 000087798 100__ $$aBackes, Claudia 000087798 245__ $$aProduction and processing of graphene and related materials 000087798 260__ $$c2020 000087798 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted 000087798 5203_ $$aWe present an overview of the main techniques for production and processing of graphene and related materials (GRMs), as well as the key characterization procedures. We adopt a ‘hands-on’ approach, providing practical details and procedures as derived from literature as well as from the authors’ experience, in order to enable the reader to reproduce the results. Section I is devoted to ‘bottom up’ approaches, whereby individual constituents are pieced together into more complex structures. We consider graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) produced either by solution processing or by on-surface synthesis in ultra high vacuum (UHV), as well carbon nanomembranes (CNM). Production of a variety of GNRs with tailored band gaps and edge shapes is now possible. CNMs can be tuned in terms of porosity, crystallinity and electronic behaviour. Section II covers ‘top down’ techniques. These rely on breaking down of a layered precursor, in the graphene case usually natural crystals like graphite or artificially synthesized materials, such as highly oriented pyrolythic graphite, monolayers or few layers (FL) flakes. The main focus of this section is on various exfoliation techniques in a liquid media, either intercalation or liquid phase exfoliation (LPE). The choice of precursor, exfoliation method, medium as well as the control of parameters such as time or temperature are crucial. A definite choice of parameters and conditions yields a particular material with specific properties that makes it more suitable for a targeted application. We cover protocols for the graphitic precursors to graphene oxide (GO). This is an important material for a range of applications in biomedicine, energy storage, nanocomposites, etc. Hummers’ and modified Hummers’ methods are used to make GO that subsequently can be reduced to obtain reduced graphene oxide (RGO) with a variety of strategies. GO flakes are also employed to prepare three-dimensional (3d) low density structures, such as sponges, foams, hydro- or aerogels. The assembly of flakes into 3d structures can provide improved mechanical properties. Aerogels with a highly open structure, with interconnected hierarchical pores, can enhance the accessibility to the whole surface area, as relevant for a number of applications, such as energy storage. The main recipes to yield graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are also discussed. GICs are suitable precursors for covalent functionalization of graphene, but can also be used for the synthesis of uncharged graphene in solution. Degradation of the molecules intercalated in GICs can be triggered by high temperature treatment or microwave irradiation, creating a gas pressure surge in graphite and exfoliation. Electrochemical exfoliation by applying a voltage in an electrolyte to a graphite electrode can be tuned by varying precursors, electrolytes and potential. Graphite electrodes can be either negatively or positively intercalated to obtain GICs that are subsequently exfoliated. We also discuss the materials that can be amenable to exfoliation, by employing a theoretical data-mining approach. The exfoliation of LMs usually results in a heterogeneous dispersion of flakes with different lateral size and thickness. This is a critical bottleneck for applications, and hinders the full exploitation of GRMs produced by solution processing. The establishment of procedures to control the morphological properties of exfoliated GRMs, which also need to be industrially scalable, is one of the key needs. Section III deals with the processing of flakes. (Ultra)centrifugation techniques have thus far been the most investigated to sort GRMs following ultrasonication, shear mixing, ball milling, microfluidization, and wet-jet milling. It allows sorting by size and thickness. Inks formulated from GRM dispersions can be printed using a number of processes, from inkjet to screen printing. Each technique has specific rheological requirements, as well as geometrical constraints. The solvent choice is critical, not only for the GRM stability, but also in terms of optimizing printing on different substrates, such as glass, Si, plastic, paper, etc, all with different surface energies. Chemical modifications of such substrates is also a key step. Sections IV–VII are devoted to the growth of GRMs on various substrates and their processing after growth to place them on the surface of choice for specific applications. The substrate for graphene growth is a key determinant of the nature and quality of the resultant film. The lattice mismatch between graphene and substrate influences the resulting crystallinity. Growth on insulators, such as SiO2, typically results in films with small crystallites, whereas growth on the close-packed surfaces of metals yields highly crystalline films. Section IV outlines the growth of graphene on SiC substrates. This satisfies the requirements for electronic applications, with well-defined graphene-substrate interface, low trapped impurities and no need for transfer. It also allows graphene structures and devices to be measured directly on the growth substrate. The flatness of the substrate results in graphene with minimal strain and ripples on large areas, allowing spectroscopies and surface science to be performed. We also discuss the surface engineering by intercalation of the resulting graphene, its integration with Si-wafers and the production of nanostructures with the desired shape, with no need for patterning. 000087798 536__ $$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/696656/EU/Graphene-based disruptive technologies/GrapheneCore1$$9This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No H2020 696656-GrapheneCore1$$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/785219/EU/Graphene Flagship Core Project 2/GrapheneCore2$$9This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No H2020 785219-GrapheneCore2 000087798 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess$$aby$$uhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/ 000087798 590__ $$a7.103$$b2020 000087798 591__ $$aMATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY$$b72 / 333 = 0.216$$c2020$$dQ1$$eT1 000087798 592__ $$a2.702$$b2020 000087798 593__ $$aChemistry (miscellaneous)$$c2020$$dQ1 000087798 593__ $$aCondensed Matter Physics$$c2020$$dQ1 000087798 593__ $$aMechanics of Materials$$c2020$$dQ1 000087798 593__ $$aMechanical Engineering$$c2020$$dQ1 000087798 593__ $$aMaterials Science (miscellaneous)$$c2020$$dQ1 000087798 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion 000087798 700__ $$aAbdelkader, Amr M. 000087798 700__ $$aAlonso, Concepción 000087798 700__ $$aAndrieux-Ledier, Amandine 000087798 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-2071-9093$$aArenal, Raul$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000087798 700__ $$aAzpeitia, Jon 000087798 700__ $$aBalakrishnan, Nilanthy 000087798 700__ $$aBanszerus, Luca 000087798 700__ $$aBarjon, Julien 000087798 700__ $$aBartali, Ruben 000087798 700__ $$aBellani, Sebastiano 000087798 700__ $$aBerger, Claire 000087798 700__ $$aBerger, Reinhard 000087798 700__ $$aOrtega, M M Bernal 000087798 700__ $$aBernard, Carlo 000087798 700__ $$aBeton, Peter H 000087798 700__ $$aBeyer, André 000087798 700__ $$aBianco, Alberto 000087798 700__ $$aB\u00f8ggild, Peter 000087798 700__ $$aBonaccorso, Francesco 000087798 700__ $$aBarin, Gabriela Borin 000087798 700__ $$aBotas, Cristina 000087798 700__ $$aBueno, Rebeca A 000087798 700__ $$aCarriazo, Daniel 000087798 700__ $$aCastellanos-Gomez, Andres 000087798 700__ $$aChristian, Meganne 000087798 700__ $$aCiesielski, Artur 000087798 700__ $$aCiuk, Tymoteusz 000087798 700__ $$aCole, Matthew T 000087798 700__ $$aColeman, Jonathan 000087798 700__ $$aColetti, Camilla 000087798 700__ $$aCrema, Luigi 000087798 700__ $$aCun, Huanyao 000087798 700__ $$aDasler, Daniela 000087798 700__ $$aDe Fazio, Domenico 000087798 700__ $$aDíez, Noel 000087798 700__ $$aDrieschner, Simon 000087798 700__ $$aDuesberg, Georg S 000087798 700__ $$aFasel, Roman 000087798 700__ $$aFeng, Xinliang 000087798 700__ $$aFina, Alberto 000087798 700__ $$aForti, Stiven 000087798 700__ $$aGaliotis, Costas 000087798 700__ $$aGarberoglio, Giovanni 000087798 700__ $$aGarcía, Jorge M 000087798 700__ $$aGarrido, Jose Antonio 000087798 700__ $$aGibertini, Marco 000087798 700__ $$aG\u00f6lzh\u00e4user, Armin 000087798 700__ $$aGómez, Julio 000087798 700__ $$aGreber, Thomas 000087798 700__ $$aHauke, Frank 000087798 700__ $$aHemmi, Adrian 000087798 700__ $$aHernandez-Rodriguez, Irene 000087798 700__ $$aHirsch, Andreas 000087798 700__ $$aHodge, Stephen A 000087798 700__ $$aHuttel, Yves 000087798 700__ $$aJepsen, Peter U 000087798 700__ $$aJimenez, Ignacio 000087798 700__ $$aKaiser, Ute 000087798 700__ $$aKaplas, Tommi 000087798 700__ $$aKim, HoKwon 000087798 700__ $$aKis, Andras 000087798 700__ $$aPapagelis, Konstantinos 000087798 700__ $$aKostarelos, Kostas 000087798 700__ $$aKrajewska, Aleksandra 000087798 700__ $$aLee, Kangho 000087798 700__ $$aLi, Changfeng 000087798 700__ $$aLipsanen, Harri 000087798 700__ $$aLiscio, Andrea 000087798 700__ $$aLohe, Martin R 000087798 700__ $$aLoiseau, Annick 000087798 700__ $$aLombardi, Lucia 000087798 700__ $$aFrancisca López, Maria 000087798 700__ $$aMartin, Oliver 000087798 700__ $$aMartín, Cristina 000087798 700__ $$aMartínez, Lidia 000087798 700__ $$aMartin-Gago, Jose Angel 000087798 700__ $$aIgnacio Martínez, José 000087798 700__ $$aMarzari, Nicola 000087798 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-5229-2717$$aMayoral, Álvaro$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000087798 700__ $$aMcManus, John 000087798 700__ $$aMelucci, Manuela 000087798 700__ $$aMéndez, Javier 000087798 700__ $$aMerino, Cesar 000087798 700__ $$aMerino, Pablo 000087798 700__ $$aMeyer, Andreas P 000087798 700__ $$aMiniussi, Elisa 000087798 700__ $$aMiseikis, Vaidotas 000087798 700__ $$aMishra, Neeraj 000087798 700__ $$aMorandi, Vittorio 000087798 700__ $$aMunuera, Carmen 000087798 700__ $$aMuñoz, Roberto 000087798 700__ $$aNolan, Hugo 000087798 700__ $$aOrtolani, Luca 000087798 700__ $$aOtt, Anna K 000087798 700__ $$aPalacio, Irene 000087798 700__ $$aPalermo, Vincenzo 000087798 700__ $$aParthenios, John 000087798 700__ $$aPasternak, Iwona 000087798 700__ $$aPatane, Amalia 000087798 700__ $$aPrato, Maurizio 000087798 700__ $$aPrevost, Henri 000087798 700__ $$aPrudkovskiy, Vladimir 000087798 700__ $$aPugno, Nicola 000087798 700__ $$aRojo, Teófilo 000087798 700__ $$aRossi, Antonio 000087798 700__ $$aRuffieux, Pascal 000087798 700__ $$aSamor\u00ec, Paolo 000087798 700__ $$aSchué, Léonard 000087798 700__ $$aSetijadi, Eki 000087798 700__ $$aSeyller, Thomas 000087798 700__ $$aSperanza, Giorgio 000087798 700__ $$aStampfer, Christoph 000087798 700__ $$aStenger, Ingrid 000087798 700__ $$aStrupinski, Wlodek 000087798 700__ $$aSvirko, Yuri 000087798 700__ $$aTaioli, Simone 000087798 700__ $$aTeo, Kenneth B K 000087798 700__ $$aTesti, Matteo 000087798 700__ $$aTomarchio, Flavia 000087798 700__ $$aTortello, Mauro 000087798 700__ $$aTreossi, Emanuele 000087798 700__ $$aTurchanin, Andrey 000087798 700__ $$aVazquez, Ester 000087798 700__ $$aVillaro, Elvira 000087798 700__ $$aWhelan, Patrick R 000087798 700__ $$aXia, Zhenyuan 000087798 700__ $$aYakimova, Rositza 000087798 700__ $$aYang, Sheng 000087798 700__ $$aYazdi, G Reza 000087798 700__ $$aYim, Chanyoung 000087798 700__ $$aYoon, Duhee 000087798 700__ $$aZhang, Xianghui 000087798 700__ $$aZhuang, Xiaodong 000087798 700__ $$aColombo, Luigi 000087798 700__ $$aFerrari, Andrea C 000087798 700__ $$aGarcia-Hernandez, Mar 000087798 7102_ $$12003$$2395$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Física Materia Condensa.$$cÁrea Física Materia Condensada 000087798 773__ $$g7, 2 (2020), 022001$$p2D materials.$$t2D Materials$$x2053-1583 000087798 8564_ $$s20040340$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/87798/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yVersión publicada 000087798 8564_ $$s99813$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/87798/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yVersión publicada 000087798 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:87798$$particulos$$pdriver 000087798 951__ $$a2021-09-02-09:15:00 000087798 980__ $$aARTICLE