000101525 001__ 101525 000101525 005__ 20210902121713.0 000101525 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105641 000101525 0248_ $$2sideral$$a117735 000101525 037__ $$aART-2020-117735 000101525 041__ $$aeng 000101525 100__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-0068-4532$$aSevil, Jorge$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000101525 245__ $$aCharacterizing and monitoring a high-risk sinkhole in an urban area underlain by salt through non-invasive methods: Detailed mapping, high-precision leveling and GPR 000101525 260__ $$c2020 000101525 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted 000101525 5203_ $$aTwo critical aspects for assessing the hazard and managing the risk associated with active sinkholes in developed areas are the precise mapping of the areas affected by ground instability and the quantitative characterization of the ground displacement (kinematic style, spatial-temporal patterns, rates). However, sinkhole site investigations typically provide a static picture of the instability phenomena, and the performance of remediation measures is rarely evaluated using time-series of displacement. This work illustrates the practicality of a non-invasive approach, combining detailed mapping, ground penetrating radar (GPR), and high-precision leveling, for the characterization at different time scales of the ground deformation associated with an active sinkhole in an urban area. The selected highly-active sagging and collapse sinkhole affects four multi-storey buildings in Zaragoza city, Spain, involving direct losses higher than 15 Meuro. GPR data provided information on the internal structure of the sinkhole and the subsidence mechanisms. The boundaries of the ground-deformation zone, established with the GPR data, and especially high-precision leveling, indicate a sinkhole area two times larger than that previously proposed on the basis of airborne imagery and surface deformation features (length from 100 m to 130 m). The leveling profiles reveal an inner rapidly subsiding zone with vertical displacement rates as high as 3 cm/yr, an outer slow settlement ring, and a marginal uplifting bulge with vertical displacement rates that reach 0.6 cm/yr. This phenomenon of marginal bulging is probably a relatively common process in sagging sinkholes, which may have gone unnoticed since its identification requires the use of geodetic methods with utmost accuracy, such as high-precision leveling. Monitoring data indicate that ongoing salt dissolution significantly contributes to the active subsidence and reveal the high impact on the subsidence of water pumping from the evaporitic aquifer and the limited efficiency of a shallow compaction grouting program performed above cavities and karstification zones. 000101525 536__ $$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MINECO/CGL2017-85045-P 000101525 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess$$aby-nc-nd$$uhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/es/ 000101525 590__ $$a6.755$$b2020 000101525 591__ $$aGEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY$$b10 / 198 = 0.051$$c2020$$dQ1$$eT1 000101525 591__ $$aENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL$$b2 / 41 = 0.049$$c2020$$dQ1$$eT1 000101525 592__ $$a2.44$$b2020 000101525 593__ $$aGeotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology$$c2020$$dQ1 000101525 593__ $$aGeology$$c2020$$dQ1 000101525 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion 000101525 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-5407-940X$$aGutiérrez, Francisco$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000101525 700__ $$aCarnicer, Carlos 000101525 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0001-6175-0364$$aCarbonel, Domingo$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000101525 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0001-8949-5676$$aDesir, Gloria$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000101525 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-4899-680X$$aGarcía-Arnay, Ángel$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000101525 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0003-2181-732X$$aGuerrero, Jesús$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000101525 7102_ $$12000$$2427$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Ciencias de la Tierra$$cÁrea Geodinámica Externa 000101525 773__ $$g272 (2020), 105641 1-18$$pEng. geol.$$tEngineering Geology$$x0013-7952 000101525 8564_ $$s1048540$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/101525/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yPostprint 000101525 8564_ $$s1363181$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/101525/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yPostprint 000101525 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:101525$$particulos$$pdriver 000101525 951__ $$a2021-09-02-09:22:09 000101525 980__ $$aARTICLE