118187 20240319081019.0 doi 10.1016/j.chaos.2022.112223 sideral 129574 ART-2022-129574 eng Gracia-Lázaro, C. (orcid)0000-0002-9769-8796 Dynamics of economic unions: An agent-based model to investigate the economic and social drivers of withdrawals 2022 Access copy available to the general public Unrestricted Economic unions are international agreements oriented to increase economic efficiency and establishing political and cultural ties between the member countries. Becoming a member of an existing union usually requires the approval of both the candidate and members, while leaving it may require only the unilateral will of the exiting country. There are many examples of accession of states to previously consolidated economic unions, and a recent example of leaving is the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. Motivated by the Brexit process, in this paper we propose an agent-based model to study the determinant factors driving withdrawals from an economic union. We show that both Union and local taxes promote the exits, whereas customs fees out of the Union boost cohesion. Furthermore, heterogeneity in both business conditions and wealth distribution promotes withdrawals, while countries'' size diversity does not have a significant effect on them. We also deep into the individual causes that lead to dissatisfaction and, ultimately, to exits. We found that, for low Union taxes, the wealth inequality within the country is the leading cause of anti-Union opinion spreading. Conversely, for high Union taxes, the country''s performance turns out to be the main driving force, resulting in a risk of wealthier countries leaving the Union. These findings will be helpful for the design of economic policies and effective informative campaigns. © 2022 The Authors info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/DGA-FEDER/E36-20R info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MCIN-AEI-FEDER/PID2020-115800GB-I00 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess by-nc-nd http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/es/ 7.8 2022 PHYSICS, MATHEMATICAL 1 / 56 = 0.018 2022 Q1 T1 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS 3 / 107 = 0.028 2022 Q1 T1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY 11 / 85 = 0.129 2022 Q1 T1 1.393 2022 Applied Mathematics 2022 Q1 Mathematical Physics 2022 Q1 Statistical and Nonlinear Physics 2022 Q1 Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous) 2022 Q1 Mathematics (miscellaneous) 2022 Q1 11.8 2022 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Dercole, F. Moreno, Y. Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0002-0895-1893 2004 405 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Física Teórica Área Física Teórica 160 (2022), 112223 [9 pp] Chaos, solitons fractals Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 0960-0779 832583 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/118187/files/texto_completo.pdf Versión publicada 3012910 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/118187/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon icon Versión publicada oai:zaguan.unizar.es:118187 articulos driver 2024-03-18-15:57:02 ARTICLE