000118201 001__ 118201 000118201 005__ 20240319081020.0 000118201 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.3389/fcimb.2022.873989 000118201 0248_ $$2sideral$$a129596 000118201 037__ $$aART-2022-129596 000118201 041__ $$aeng 000118201 100__ $$aLaborda, P. 000118201 245__ $$aWildlife and Antibiotic Resistance 000118201 260__ $$c2022 000118201 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted 000118201 5203_ $$aAntibiotic resistance is a major human health problem. While health care facilities are main contributors to the emergence, evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance, other ecosystems are involved in such dissemination. Wastewater, farm animals and pets have been considered important contributors to the development of antibiotic resistance. Herein, we review the impact of wildlife in such problem. Current evidence supports that the presence of antibiotic resistance genes and/or antibiotic resistant bacteria in wild animals is a sign of anthropic pollution more than of selection of resistance. However, once antibiotic resistance is present in the wild, wildlife can contribute to its transmission across different ecosystems. Further, the finding that antibiotic resistance genes, currently causing problems at hospitals, might spread through horizontal gene transfer among the bacteria present in the microbiomes of ubiquitous animals as cockroaches, fleas or rats, supports the possibility that these organisms might be bioreactors for the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes among human pathogens. The contribution of wildlife in the spread of antibiotic resistance among different hosts and ecosystems occurs at two levels. Firstly, in the case of non-migrating animals, the transfer will take place locally; a One Health problem. Paradigmatic examples are the above mentioned animals that cohabit with humans and can be reservoirs and vehicles for antibiotic resistance dissemination. Secondly, migrating animals, such as gulls, fishes or turtles may participate in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance across different geographic areas, even between different continents, which constitutes a Global Health issue. Copyright © 2022 Laborda, Sanz-García, Ochoa-Sánchez, Gil-Gil, Hernando-Amado and Martínez. 000118201 536__ $$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/ISCIII-REIPI/RD16-0016-0011$$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 000118201 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess$$aby$$uhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/ 000118201 590__ $$a5.7$$b2022 000118201 592__ $$a1.308$$b2022 000118201 591__ $$aMICROBIOLOGY$$b28 / 135 = 0.207$$c2022$$dQ1$$eT1 000118201 593__ $$aMedicine (miscellaneous)$$c2022$$dQ1 000118201 591__ $$aIMMUNOLOGY$$b55 / 161 = 0.342$$c2022$$dQ2$$eT2 000118201 593__ $$aInfectious Diseases$$c2022$$dQ1 000118201 593__ $$aMicrobiology (medical)$$c2022$$dQ1 000118201 593__ $$aMicrobiology$$c2022$$dQ1 000118201 593__ $$aImmunology$$c2022$$dQ2 000118201 594__ $$a6.4$$b2022 000118201 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion 000118201 700__ $$aSanz-García, F.$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000118201 700__ $$aOchoa-Sánchez, L. E. 000118201 700__ $$aGil-Gil, T. 000118201 700__ $$aHernando-Amado, S. 000118201 700__ $$aMartínez, J. L. 000118201 7102_ $$11011$$2630$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Microb.Ped.Radio.Sal.Pú.$$cÁrea Microbiología 000118201 773__ $$g12 (2022), 873989 [8 pp]$$tFrontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology$$x2235-2988 000118201 8564_ $$s598943$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/118201/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yVersión publicada 000118201 8564_ $$s2344257$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/118201/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yVersión publicada 000118201 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:118201$$particulos$$pdriver 000118201 951__ $$a2024-03-18-16:08:15 000118201 980__ $$aARTICLE