000118619 001__ 118619 000118619 005__ 20230519145523.0 000118619 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1371/journal.pone.0256349 000118619 0248_ $$2sideral$$a126418 000118619 037__ $$aART-2021-126418 000118619 041__ $$aeng 000118619 100__ $$0(orcid)0000-0001-6159-2554$$aCarus, L$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000118619 245__ $$aManaging risk in ski resorts: Environmental factors affecting actual and estimated speed on signposted groomed slopes in a cohort of adult recreational alpine skiers 000118619 260__ $$c2021 000118619 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted 000118619 5203_ $$aBackground Certain weather conditions are clearly harmful, increasing the risk of injury of winter sports participants substantially. The objective of this study was to investigate actual speeds of skiers on signposted groomed slopes and to measure their skill to accurately estimate them with regard to environmental conditions such as visibility, sky cover, snow quality, wind and temperature. Methods The data were obtained from a sample of 421 adult recreational skiers taking ski courses. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to explore the relationship between actual and estimated speed for all participants. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to measure the effect of environmental conditions on both the skiers'' actual speeds and their errors of estimation. Values of 0.05 or less were considered to indicate statistical significance. Results The Pearson correlation coefficient between estimated and actual speed was 0.90 (P < 0.001). Skiers underestimated their actual speed on average by 13.06 km/h or 24.1%. Visibility, quality of snow and wind speed were shown to significantly affect both actual maximum speed and estimated speed. Good visibility, grippy snow and calm wind were associated with both the highest actual maximum speed and the lowest ability to estimate it. Conclusion Certain environmental conditions are associated with the actual speed at which skiers travel and with their ability to estimate it. Visibility, quality of snow and wind speed seem to influence both actual speed and the ability to estimate it while sky cover and temperature do not. A reinforced understanding of skiing speed on signposted groomed slopes is useful to gain insight into crashes and the mechanisms of resulting injuries, to evaluate means of protection and to devise successful prevention policies in ski resorts. 000118619 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess$$aby$$uhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/ 000118619 590__ $$a3.752$$b2021 000118619 591__ $$aMULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES$$b29 / 74 = 0.392$$c2021$$dQ2$$eT2 000118619 592__ $$a0.852$$b2021 000118619 593__ $$aMultidisciplinary$$c2021$$dQ1 000118619 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion 000118619 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-6872-6225$$aCastillo, I$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000118619 7102_ $$14012$$2650$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Direcc.Organiza.Empresas$$cÁrea Organización de Empresas 000118619 7102_ $$11006$$2413$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Fisiatría y Enfermería$$cÁrea Fisioterapia 000118619 773__ $$g16, 8 (2021), e0256349[13 pp]$$pPLoS One$$tPLoS ONE$$x1932-6203 000118619 8564_ $$s661317$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/118619/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yVersión publicada 000118619 8564_ $$s1985165$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/118619/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yVersión publicada 000118619 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:118619$$particulos$$pdriver 000118619 951__ $$a2023-05-18-15:24:36 000118619 980__ $$aARTICLE