118933 20240319081009.0 doi 10.1016/j.measurement.2022.111573 sideral 130054 ART-2022-130054 eng Valenzuela-Pérez, A. On the use of sniffers for spectrum occupancy measurements of Bluetooth low energy primary channels 2022 Access copy available to the general public Unrestricted The methods usually employed to measure channel occupancy show limitations in the context of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) advertisements. We propose and analyze the use of BLE sniffers as light and portable low-cost spectrum occupancy meters to be used in scenarios where real time signal analyzers are not adequate. For the measurement technique to be successful, several low-level effects must be considered. The paper argues about on-air time, receiving blind times due to processing and intra system interference, buffer saturation and frequency anchoring. Hence, a compensation procedure based on collision rate estimation is proposed. Results with the refined method show that occupancies of 40% can be measured with an overestimation error whose percentile 95% is 5 percentage points. This is reduced to 1.9 points when the occupancy is 15%. The sniffers perform in real time and are shown to correctly track short term load variations. The strategy has been successfully used to characterize occupancy in highly variable and loaded scenarios such as subway platforms and a shopping mall. Values up to 25% have been observed, which implies a relevant packet error rate. Hence, the tool can be used to make agile audits and configure the parameters that control communication redundancy in new or existing networks. info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/AEI/PID2021-125799OA-I00 info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/DGA/T31-20R info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MCIU-ERDF/RTI2018-099063-B-I00 info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MICINN/RTI2018-095684-B-100 info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MINECO/RTI2018-099880-B-C32 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess by http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/ 5.6 2022 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY 16 / 90 = 0.178 2022 Q1 T1 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION 9 / 63 = 0.143 2022 Q1 T1 1.106 2022 Applied Mathematics 2022 Q1 Condensed Matter Physics 2022 Q1 Statistics and Probability 2022 Q1 Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2022 Q1 Instrumentation 2022 Q1 Education 2022 Q1 9.0 2022 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion García-Lozano, M. Valenzuela, J. L. Pérez-Díaz-de-Cerio, D. Hernández Solana, Á. Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0002-0299-0859 Valdovinos, A. Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0003-2664-6339 5008 560 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Ingeniería Electrón.Com. Área Ingeniería Telemática 199 (2022), 111573 [10 pp.] Measurement MEASUREMENT 0263-2241 2659488 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/118933/files/texto_completo.pdf Versión publicada 2527233 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/118933/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon icon Versión publicada oai:zaguan.unizar.es:118933 articulos driver 2024-03-18-14:55:50 ARTICLE