doi:10.1016/j.procir.2022.05.175engMiqueo, AdrianTorralba, MartaYagüe-Fabra, José A.Models to evaluate the performance of high-mix low-volume manual or semi-automatic assembly linesART-2022-131856To address mass customisation demand trends, assembly line flexibility and productivity are critical. Industry 4.0 technologies could support assembly operations to this end. However, clear implementation methodologies are still lacking. This article presents two models for evaluating the most relevant Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of manual or semi-automatic assembly lines, allowing to maximise the return of investment of any digital technology addition. MATLAB® was used to implement a parametric model, and FlexSim® was employed to build a discrete event simulation model. The models were validated using data of two industrial study cases from a global white goods manufacturer.2022http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/12119810.1016/j.procir.2022.05.175http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/121198oai:zaguan.unizar.es:121198info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/814225/EU/DIGItal MANufacturing Technologies for Zero-defect Industry 4.0 Production/DIGIMAN4.0This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No H2020 814225-DIGIMAN4.0Procedia CIRP 107 (2022), 1461-1466by-nc-ndhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/es/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess