121341 20241125101125.0 doi 10.3390/su15021393 sideral 132041 ART-2023-132041 eng Torrubia, Jorge (orcid)0000-0001-9282-1428 Challenges and Opportunities for the Recovery of Critical Raw Materials from Electronic Waste: The Spanish Perspective 2023 Access copy available to the general public Unrestricted The path toward energy transition requires many metals, some of which are scarce in nature or their supply is controlled by a few countries. The European and Spanish situations are particularly vulnerable because of the scarcity of crucial geological mineral resources, especially those known as critical. In this context, the recovery of metals from waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) presents an important opportunity to partly alleviate this situation because this region produces most of the WEEE per capita. In this study, 43 different categories of EEE placed in the Spanish market between 2016 and 2021 were assessed, considering the composition of up to 57 elements, with 34 being critical. The results show the great opportunities for urban mining: 1.4 million tons of metals valued at USD 2.43 billion, representing 80% of the mass and 25% of the price of the primary extraction in Spain during that period. In addition, 20,000 tons corresponded to critical metals. However, the short life of EEE and the low traceability and low recovery of metals, especially critical and precious (94% and 87% of their values are lost, respectively), make it necessary to overcome major challenges to develop a new industry capable of moving toward a deeper circular economy. info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/HORIZON EUROPE/101091668/EU/Aragon's REgional Hub for circularity: Demonstration Of Local industrial-urban symbiosis initiatives/REDOL info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MICINN/PID2020-116851RB-I00 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess by http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/ 3.3 2023 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 159 / 358 = 0.444 2023 Q2 T2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES 66 / 182 = 0.363 2023 Q2 T2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 58 / 91 = 0.637 2023 Q3 T2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 58 / 91 = 0.637 2023 Q3 T2 0.672 2023 Geography, Planning and Development 2023 Q1 Environmental Science (miscellaneous) 2023 Q2 Computer Networks and Communications 2023 Q2 Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment 2023 Q2 Hardware and Architecture 2023 Q2 Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law 2023 Q2 Energy Engineering and Power Technology 2023 Q2 6.8 2023 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Valero, Alicia Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0003-3330-1793 Valero, Antonio Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0003-0702-733X Lejuez, Anthony 5004 590 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Ingeniería Mecánica Área Máquinas y Motores Térmi. 15, 2 (2023), 1393 Sustainability (Basel) Sustainability (Switzerland) 2071-1050 3289218 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/121341/files/texto_completo.pdf Versión publicada 2848091 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/121341/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon icon Versión publicada oai:zaguan.unizar.es:121341 articulos driver 2024-11-22-11:57:31 ARTICLE