000125224 001__ 125224 000125224 005__ 20240319081021.0 000125224 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104624 000125224 0248_ $$2sideral$$a132956 000125224 037__ $$aART-2022-132956 000125224 041__ $$aeng 000125224 100__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-8362-7559$$aDomingo, Darío 000125224 245__ $$aLong-term changes in 3D urban form in four Spanish cities 000125224 260__ $$c2022 000125224 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted 000125224 5203_ $$aThree-dimensional urban form has a considerable influence on urban sustainability, being the reason spatial planning regulate it. Yet, we know very little about the development of building density and building height over time. In this study, we characterize the horizontal and vertical patterns of urban development in Barcelona, Madrid, Valencia, and Zaragoza between 1965 and 2015. Our analysis is based on a unique combination of cadastral data and LiDAR point clouds, which we use to characterize building footprint, height, and volume, at decadal intervals. Subsequently, we characterize urban expansion and densification processes using building volume and Urban Form Types. We find that height of new buildings shows a significant downward trend during the 70′s for the four urban areas and a decreasing trend after the 2008 real estate bubble for the cases of Barcelona and Valencia. Over the analyzed period a decrease of 116, 313, 217 and 157 cm in average building height was observed for Barcelona, Madrid, Valencia, and Zaragoza, respectively. Urbanized volume of all cities together has expanded by roughly 350% between 1950 and 2015. Sparse built-up form showed the largest absolute increase, although it contains only a low fraction of new built-up volume. A clear trend towards expansion is observed in city outskirts and the development of new urban clusters in municipalities closer to the main city. At the same time, settlements have followed incremental steps towards densification of the city-cores over time. This study provides a first step towards comprehensive understanding of long-term changes in 3D urban form, which can inform the development of policies that target the third dimension in urban form to steer sustainable urban growth. 000125224 536__ $$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/NextGenerationEU/MS-240621 000125224 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess$$aby-nc-nd$$uhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/es/ 000125224 590__ $$a9.1$$b2022 000125224 592__ $$a2.065$$b2022 000125224 591__ $$aECOLOGY$$b7 / 171 = 0.041$$c2022$$dQ1$$eT1 000125224 593__ $$aEcology$$c2022$$dQ1 000125224 591__ $$aENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES$$b11 / 128 = 0.086$$c2022$$dQ1$$eT1 000125224 593__ $$aUrban Studies$$c2022$$dQ1 000125224 591__ $$aREGIONAL & URBAN PLANNING$$b3 / 40 = 0.075$$c2022$$dQ1$$eT1 000125224 593__ $$aNature and Landscape Conservation$$c2022$$dQ1 000125224 591__ $$aURBAN STUDIES$$b1 / 43 = 0.023$$c2022$$dQ1$$eT1 000125224 593__ $$aManagement, Monitoring, Policy and Law$$c2022$$dQ1 000125224 591__ $$aGEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL$$b2 / 49 = 0.041$$c2022$$dQ1$$eT1 000125224 591__ $$aGEOGRAPHY$$b2 / 86 = 0.023$$c2022$$dQ1$$eT1 000125224 594__ $$a14.4$$b2022 000125224 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion 000125224 700__ $$avan Vliet, Jasper 000125224 700__ $$aHersperger, Anna M. 000125224 773__ $$g230 (2022), 104624 [15 pp.]$$pLandsc. urban plan.$$tLANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING$$x0169-2046 000125224 8564_ $$s18578650$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/125224/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yVersión publicada 000125224 8564_ $$s2257109$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/125224/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yVersión publicada 000125224 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:125224$$particulos$$pdriver 000125224 951__ $$a2024-03-18-16:10:50 000125224 980__ $$aARTICLE