125734 20240319080948.0 doi 10.1111/gcb.16060 sideral 125591 ART-2022-125591 eng Lembrechts JJ Global maps of soil temperature 2022 Access copy available to the general public Unrestricted Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km² pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications. info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess by-nc http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/es/ 11.6 2022 ECOLOGY 4 / 171 = 0.023 2022 Q1 T1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION 1 / 65 = 0.015 2022 Q1 T1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 18 / 275 = 0.065 2022 Q1 T1 4.069 2022 Ecology 2022 Q1 Global and Planetary Change 2022 Q1 Environmental Science (miscellaneous) 2022 Q1 Environmental Chemistry 2022 Q1 19.5 2022 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion van den Hoogen J Aalto J Ashcroft MB De Frenne P Kemppinen J Kopecký M Luoto M Maclean IMD Crowther TW Bailey JJ Haesen S Klinges DH Niittynen P Scheffers BR Van Meerbeek K Aartsma P Abdalaze O Abedi M Aerts R Ahmadian N Ahrends A Alatalo JM Alexander JM Nina Allonsius C Altman J Ammann C Andres C Andrews C Ardö J Arriga N Arzac A Aschero V Assis RL Johann Assmann J Bader MY Bahalkeh K Barancok P Barrio IC Barros A Barthel M Basham EW Bauters M Bazzichetto M Belelli Marchesini L Bell MC Benavides JC Luis Benito Alonso J Berauer BJ Bjerke JW Björk RG Björkman MP Björnsdóttir K Blonder B Boeckx P Boike J Bokhorst S Brum BNS Bruna J Buchmann N Buysse P Luís Camargo J Campoe OC Candan O Canessa R Cannone N Carbognani M Carnicer J Casanova-Katny A Cesarz S Chojnicki B Choler P Chown SL Cifuentes EF Ciliak M Contador T Convey P Cooper EJ Cremonese E Curasi SR Curtis R Cutini M Johan Dahlberg C Daskalova GN Angel de Pablo M Della Chiesa S Dengler J Deronde B Descombes P Di Cecco V Di Musciano M Dick J Dimarco RD Dolezal J Dorrepaal E Dušek J Eisenhauer N Eklundh L Erickson TE Erschbamer B Eugster W Ewers RM Exton DA Fanin N Fazlioglu F Feigenwinter I Fenu G Ferlian O Rosa Fernández Calzado M Fernández-Pascual E Finckh M Finger Higgens R Forte TGW Freeman EC Frei ER Fuentes-Lillo E García RA García MB Géron C Gharun M Ghosn D Gigauri K Gobin A Goded I Goeckede M Gottschall F Goulding K Govaert S Jessen Graae B Greenwood S Greiser C Grelle A Guénard B Guglielmin M Guillemot J Haase P Haider S Halbritter AH Hamid M Hammerle A Hampe A Haugum SV Hederová L Heinesch B Helfter C Hepenstrick D Herberich M Herbst M Hermanutz L Hik DS Hoffrén R Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0002-9123-304X Homeier J Hörtnagl L Høye TT Hrbacek F Hylander K Iwata H Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski M Jactel H Järveoja J Jastrzebowski S Jentsch A Jiménez JJ Jónsdóttir IS Jucker T Jump AS Juszczak R Kanka R Kašpar V Kazakis G Kelly J Khuroo AA Klemedtsson L Klisz M Kljun N Knohl A Kobler J Kollár J Kotowska MM Kovács B Kreyling J Lamprecht A Lang SI Larson C Larson K Laska K le Maire G Leihy RI Lens L Liljebladh B Lohila A Lorite J Loubet B Lynn J Macek M Mackenzie R Magliulo E Maier R Malfasi F Máliš F Man M Manca G Manco A Manise T Manolaki P Marciniak F Matula R Clara Mazzolari A Medinets S Medinets V Meeussen C Merinero S de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita R Meusburger K Meysman FJR Michaletz ST Milbau A Moiseev D Moiseev P Mondoni A Monfries R Montagnani L Moriana-Armendariz M Morra di Cella U Mörsdorf M Mosedale JR Muffler L Muñoz-Rojas M Myers JA Myers-Smith IH Nagy L Nardino M Naujokaitis-Lewis I Newling E Nicklas L Niedrist G Niessner A Nilsson MB Normand S Nosetto MD Nouvellon Y Nuñez MA Ogaya R Ogée J Okello J Olejnik J Eivind Olesen J Opedal Ø Orsenigo S Palaj A Pampuch 3006 010 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Geograf. Ordenac.Territ. Área Análisis Geográfico Regi. 28, 9 (2022), 3110–3144 Glob. chang. biol. Global Change Biology 1354-1013 7093408 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/125734/files/texto_completo.pdf Versión publicada 2290782 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/125734/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon icon Versión publicada oai:zaguan.unizar.es:125734 articulos driver 2024-03-18-12:45:16 ARTICLE