000127676 001__ 127676 000127676 005__ 20240731103410.0 000127676 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1016/j.enggeo.2023.107289 000127676 0248_ $$2sideral$$a134734 000127676 037__ $$aART-2023-134734 000127676 041__ $$aeng 000127676 100__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-5407-940X$$aGutiérrez, Francisco$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000127676 245__ $$aThe application of distributed optical fiber sensors (BOTDA) to sinkhole monitoring. Review and the case of a damaging sinkhole in the Ebro Valley evaporite karst (NE Spain) 000127676 260__ $$c2023 000127676 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted 000127676 5203_ $$aDistributed optical fiber sensors (DOFS) have been postulated as a suitable technique for long-range monitoring of sinkhole-related subsidence, and possibly for the anticipation of catastrophic collapse (early-warning systems). The strain data published in previous works refer to artificial experiments considering real and virtual cover collapse sinkholes characterized by rapid subsidence and sharp lateral deformation gradients. The influence of the subsidence mechanism (sagging, collapse, suffosion) on the capability of DOFS to satisfactorily detect active subsidence is discussed. Sagging sinkholes with poorly-defined lateral edges, low lateral deformation gradients and slow subsidence are identified as the most challenging scenario. The performance of BOTDA optical fiber for monitoring such type of sagging sinkholes is evaluated in the active Alcalá sinkhole, which affects a flood-control dike creating a high-risk and -uncertainty scenario. This sinkhole shows active subsidence in sections tens of meters long with maximum subsidence rates ranging between 5 and 35 mm/yr. The comparison of vertical displacement data measured by high-precision leveling and the strain recorded by two types of fiber optic cables shows good spatial and temporal correlation. The subsidence sections are captured in the strain profiles by: (1) troughs of negative strain (contraction) in the area affected by subsidence, with the maximum strain associated with the point of most rapid settlement; and (2) lateral ridges of positive values (extension) in the marginal zones. A subsidence acceleration phase associated with a flood is also captured by substantial increments in the strain values. In this challenging scenario, despite the reasonably good spatial and temporal correlation between the displacement and strain data, the unambiguous identification of the active subsidence area with the fiber optic data alone might be difficult. Better results could be obtained improving the monitoring system (e.g., tighter cable-ground coupling) and testing other types of sinkholes with more localized deformation zones and higher subsidence rates. 000127676 536__ $$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/AEI/PID2021-123189NB-I00$$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/DGA/T20-20R$$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MICINN/PRE2018-084240$$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MINECO/CGL2017-85045-P$$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MINECO/DI-17-09169 000127676 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess$$aby-nc$$uhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/es/ 000127676 590__ $$a6.9$$b2023 000127676 592__ $$a2.437$$b2023 000127676 591__ $$aGEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY$$b16 / 253 = 0.063$$c2023$$dQ1$$eT1 000127676 593__ $$aGeotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology$$c2023$$dQ1 000127676 591__ $$aENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL$$b3 / 63 = 0.048$$c2023$$dQ1$$eT1 000127676 593__ $$aGeology$$c2023$$dQ1 000127676 594__ $$a13.7$$b2023 000127676 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion 000127676 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-0068-4532$$aSevil, Jorge$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000127676 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-4094-3826$$aSevillano, Pascual$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000127676 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0001-5898-8777$$aPreciado-Garbayo, Javier 000127676 700__ $$aMartínez, Juan J. 000127676 700__ $$aMartín-López, Sonia 000127676 700__ $$aGonzález-Herráez, Miguel 000127676 7102_ $$12002$$2385$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Física Aplicada$$cÁrea Física Aplicada 000127676 7102_ $$12000$$2427$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Ciencias de la Tierra$$cÁrea Geodinámica Externa 000127676 773__ $$g325 (2023), 107289 [13 pp.]$$pEng. geol.$$tEngineering Geology$$x0013-7952 000127676 8564_ $$s3334825$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/127676/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yPostprint 000127676 8564_ $$s1524515$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/127676/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yPostprint 000127676 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:127676$$particulos$$pdriver 000127676 951__ $$a2024-07-31-10:03:35 000127676 980__ $$aARTICLE