130209 20260218073023.0 doi 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2023.103770 sideral 136073 ART-2024-136073 eng (orcid)0000-0002-1610-5451 Giménez-Nadal, José Ignacio Universidad de Zaragoza Differences in commuting between employee and self-employed workers: The case of Latin America 2024 Access copy available to the general public Unrestricted Commuting time represents a shock to worker time allocations that ultimately affects wellbeing. This paper analyzes the commuting behavior of employee and self-employed workers in urban areas of eleven Latin American countries. Using data from the ECAF data, results show that employees spend about 8.2 more minutes commuting to work than their self-employed counterparts, net of observable characteristics, a difference of around 18.5% of the employees' commuting time. This difference is qualitatively robust across the eleven countries and is concentrated in commutes by public transit, but is not explained by differences in access to public transit services. This analysis is a first cross-country exploration of self-employed and employee workers' commuting time in Latin America. By analyzing differences in commuting time between these two groups of workers, our analysis may serve to guide future planning programs. info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/DGA/S32-23R info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MICINN/PID2019-108348RA-I00 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess by-nc-nd https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.es 6.3 2024 ECONOMICS 30 / 620 = 0.048 2024 Q1 T1 TRANSPORTATION 7 / 62 = 0.113 2024 Q1 T1 GEOGRAPHY 7 / 174 = 0.04 2024 Q1 T1 1.9 2024 Environmental Science (miscellaneous) 2024 Q1 Transportation 2024 Q1 Geography, Planning and Development 2024 Q1 11.2 2024 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion (orcid)0000-0002-0553-6360 Velilla, Jorge Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0001-5545-7006 Ortega-Lapiedra, Raquel Universidad de Zaragoza 4012 650 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Direcc.Organiza.Empresas Área Organización de Empresas 4000 415 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Análisis Económico Área Fund. Análisis Económico 114 (2024), 103770 [15 pp.] Journal of Transport Geography Journal of Transport Geography 0966-6923 742319 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/130209/files/texto_completo.pdf Postprint info:eu-repo/date/embargoEnd/2025-06-30 1394420 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/130209/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon icon Postprint info:eu-repo/date/embargoEnd/2025-06-30 oai:zaguan.unizar.es:130209 articulos driver 2026-02-17-20:22:33 ARTICLE