132404 20241125101143.0 doi 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233822 sideral 137649 ART-2023-137649 eng Rodríguez-Gómez, M. Operando analysis of the positive active mass of lead batteries by neutron diffraction 2023 Access copy available to the general public Unrestricted We have analysed, through neutron diffraction experiments with the volume-gauge technique, the operando performance of lead cells composed of industrial positive and negative electrodes, previously tank formed in the manufacturing plant. The cells, 6.7 cm × 11.5 cm in surface, comprised a 3.4 mm thick positive electrode sandwiched between two 2.3 mm thick negative electrodes. The electrolyte was sulphuric acid diluted in water, both deuterated, and the separators were industrial grade absorptive glass mat (AGM). The experiments, carried out using the VULCAN instrument at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (TN, USA), showed the evolution of α-PbO2, β-PbO2 and PbSO4 phases in the positive active mass during charge/discharge cycling, comparing the behaviour of fresh and cycled cells. No evidence of PbSO4 phase in fully charged plates or PbO in any state of charge were found above 1% by weight. Significant inhomogeneity of phase distribution and transition rates inside the positive electrode was observed. The experiments allowed estimation of the energy efficiency by comparing the external energy provided to the cell with the energy stored in the PbSO4 to PbO2 transformations. info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess by-nc-nd http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/es/ 8.1 2023 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL 39 / 178 = 0.219 2023 Q1 T1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY 72 / 439 = 0.164 2023 Q1 T1 ENERGY & FUELS 33 / 171 = 0.193 2023 Q1 T1 ELECTROCHEMISTRY 6 / 45 = 0.133 2023 Q1 T1 1.857 2023 Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2023 Q1 Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment 2023 Q1 Physical and Theoretical Chemistry 2023 Q1 Energy Engineering and Power Technology 2023 Q1 16.4 2023 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion Campo, J. (orcid)0000-0002-3600-1721 Orera, A. Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0001-8751-0983 Fuente, F. de la Valenciano, J. Fricke, H. Hussey, D.S. Chen, Y. Yu, D. An, K. Larrea, A. 5001 065 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Ciencia Tecnol.Mater.Fl. Área Cienc.Mater. Ingen.Metal. 591 (2023), 233822 [10 pp.] J. power sources JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES 0378-7753 1743932 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/132404/files/texto_completo.pdf Postprint info:eu-repo/date/embargoEnd/2024-11-20 2197048 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/132404/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon icon Postprint info:eu-repo/date/embargoEnd/2024-11-20 oai:zaguan.unizar.es:132404 articulos driver 2024-11-22-12:03:13 ARTICLE