133291 20260217205514.0 doi 10.3390/w16050668 sideral 137931 ART-2024-137931 eng Menacho, Carmen (orcid)0000-0003-2587-6423 Chlorine Photolysis: A Step Forward in Inactivating Acanthamoeba and Their Endosymbiont Bacteria 2024 Access copy available to the general public Unrestricted Chlorine and solar disinfection are widely used disinfectants in water treatment. However, certain potential pathogens can resist these methods, posing a public health risk. One such case is Acanthamoeba, a resistant free-living amoeba that protects pathogens inside from disinfection, thus endangering the health of water users. This work is the first evaluation of the inactivation efficiency achieved by combining NaClO (Cl2) and solar radiation (SR) against two Acanthamoeba strains from different sources (freshwater and pool water) and their endosymbiont bacteria (EB). Amoebae were exposed to different Cl2 doses (0–500 mg/L), SR wavelength ranges (280–800 nm and 320–800 nm), used as gold standards, and their combinations. The EB exhibited resistance to conventional Cl2 and SR treatments, requiring up to 20 times higher disinfectant doses than those needed to inactivate their protective Acanthamoeba. The pool strain and its EB demonstrated greater resistance to all treatments compared to the freshwater strain. Treatments with Cl2 (5 mg/L)/SR280–800nm completely inactivated both Acanthamoeba and EB of the freshwater strain, reducing up to 100 times the necessary Cl2 doses, suggesting that chlorine photolysis is an attractive treatment for disinfecting freshwater and preventing waterborne diseases associated with Acanthamoebae and its EB. info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/DGA/B43-23R info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MICINN/AEI/TED2021-129267B-I00 info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MICINN/PID2022-14102NB-I00 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess by https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es 3.0 2024 WATER RESOURCES 47 / 132 = 0.356 2024 Q2 T2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 192 / 376 = 0.511 2024 Q3 T2 0.752 2024 Aquatic Science 2024 Q1 Water Science and Technology 2024 Q1 Geography, Planning and Development 2024 Q1 Biochemistry 2024 Q2 6.0 2024 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Soler, Maria Universidad de Zaragoza Chueca, Patricia Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0002-9981-9045 Ormad, Maria P. Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0003-3014-0322 Goñi, Pilar Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0003-0765-7227 1011 660 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Microb.Ped.Radio.Sal.Pú. Área Parasitología 1001 X Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Anatom.,Embri.Genét.Ani. Área Técnica. Lab. y Talleres 5005 790 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Ing.Quím.Tecnol.Med.Amb. Área Tecnologi. Medio Ambiente 16, 5 (2024), 668 [18 pp.] Water (Basel) Water (Switzerland) 2073-4441 1814110 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/133291/files/texto_completo.pdf Versión publicada 2705135 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/133291/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon icon Versión publicada oai:zaguan.unizar.es:133291 articulos driver 2026-02-17-20:26:19 ARTICLE