000136097 001__ 136097 000136097 005__ 20260112133320.0 000136097 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1038/s41586-024-07546-2 000136097 0248_ $$2sideral$$a139060 000136097 037__ $$aART-2024-139060 000136097 041__ $$aeng 000136097 100__ $$aMichel, Megan 000136097 245__ $$aAncient Plasmodium genomes shed light on the history of human malaria 000136097 260__ $$c2024 000136097 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted 000136097 5203_ $$aMalaria-causing protozoa of the genus Plasmodium have exerted one of the strongest selective pressures on the human genome, and resistance alleles provide biomolecular footprints that outline the historical reach of these species1. Nevertheless, debate persists over when and how malaria parasites emerged as human pathogens and spread around the globe1,2. To address these questions, we generated high-coverage ancient mitochondrial and nuclear genome-wide data from P. falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae from 16 countries spanning around 5,500 years of human history. We identified P. vivax and P. falciparum across geographically disparate regions of Eurasia from as early as the fourth and first millennia bce, respectively; for P. vivax, this evidence pre-dates textual references by several millennia3. Genomic analysis supports distinct disease histories for P. falciparum and P. vivax in the Americas: similarities between now-eliminated European and peri-contact South American strains indicate that European colonizers were the source of American P. vivax, whereas the trans-Atlantic slave trade probably introduced P. falciparum into the Americas. Our data underscore the role of cross-cultural contacts in the dissemination of malaria, laying the biomolecular foundation for future palaeo-epidemiological research into the impact of Plasmodium parasites on human history. Finally, our unexpected discovery of P. falciparum in the high-altitude Himalayas provides a rare case study in which individual mobility can be inferred from infection status, adding to our knowledge of cross-cultural connectivity in the region nearly three millennia ago. 000136097 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess$$aby$$uhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es 000136097 590__ $$a48.5$$b2024 000136097 592__ $$a18.288$$b2024 000136097 591__ $$aMULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES$$b2 / 135 = 0.015$$c2024$$dQ1$$eT1 000136097 593__ $$aMultidisciplinary$$c2024$$dQ1 000136097 594__ $$a78.1$$b2024 000136097 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion 000136097 700__ $$aSkourtanioti, Eirini 000136097 700__ $$aPierini, Federica 000136097 700__ $$aGuevara, Evelyn K. 000136097 700__ $$aMötsch, Angela 000136097 700__ $$aKocher, Arthur 000136097 700__ $$aBarquera, Rodrigo 000136097 700__ $$aBianco, Raffaela A. 000136097 700__ $$aCarlhoff, Selina 000136097 700__ $$aCoppola Bove, Lorenza 000136097 700__ $$aFreilich, Suzanne 000136097 700__ $$aGiffin, Karen 000136097 700__ $$aHermes, Taylor 000136097 700__ $$aHiß, Alina 000136097 700__ $$aKnolle, Florian 000136097 700__ $$aNelson, Elizabeth A. 000136097 700__ $$aNeumann, Gunnar U. 000136097 700__ $$aPapac, Luka 000136097 700__ $$aPenske, Sandra 000136097 700__ $$aRohrlach, Adam B. 000136097 700__ $$aSalem, Nada 000136097 700__ $$aSemerau, Lena 000136097 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-9357-5238$$aVillalba-Mouco, Vanessa 000136097 700__ $$aAbadie, Isabelle 000136097 700__ $$aAldenderfer, Mark 000136097 700__ $$aBeckett, Jessica F. 000136097 700__ $$aBrown, Matthew 000136097 700__ $$aCampus, Franco G. R. 000136097 700__ $$aChenghwa, Tsang 000136097 700__ $$aCruz Berrocal, María 000136097 700__ $$aDamašek, Ladislav 000136097 700__ $$aDuffett Carlson, Kellie Sara 000136097 700__ $$aDurand, Raphaël 000136097 700__ $$aErnée, Michal 000136097 700__ $$aFântaneanu, Cristinel 000136097 700__ $$aFrenzel, Hannah 000136097 700__ $$aGarcía Atiénzar, Gabriel 000136097 700__ $$aGuillén, Sonia 000136097 700__ $$aHsieh, Ellen 000136097 700__ $$aKarwowski, Maciej 000136097 700__ $$aKelvin, David 000136097 700__ $$aKelvin, Nikki 000136097 700__ $$aKhokhlov, Alexander 000136097 700__ $$aKinaston, Rebecca L. 000136097 700__ $$aKorolev, Arkadii 000136097 700__ $$aKrettek, Kim-Louise 000136097 700__ $$aKüßner, Mario 000136097 700__ $$aLai, Luca 000136097 700__ $$aLook, Cory 000136097 700__ $$aMajander, Kerttu 000136097 700__ $$aMandl, Kirsten 000136097 700__ $$aMazzarello, Vittorio 000136097 700__ $$aMcCormick, Michael 000136097 700__ $$ade Miguel Ibáñez, Patxuka 000136097 700__ $$aMurphy, Reg 000136097 700__ $$aNémeth, Rita E. 000136097 700__ $$aNordqvist, Kerkko 000136097 700__ $$aNovotny, Friederike 000136097 700__ $$aObenaus, Martin 000136097 700__ $$aOlmo-Enciso, Lauro 000136097 700__ $$aOnkamo, Päivi 000136097 700__ $$aOrschiedt, Jörg 000136097 700__ $$aPatrushev, Valerii 000136097 700__ $$aPeltola, Sanni 000136097 700__ $$aRomero, Alejandro 000136097 700__ $$aRubino, Salvatore 000136097 700__ $$aSajantila, Antti 000136097 700__ $$aSalazar-García, Domingo C. 000136097 700__ $$aSerrano, Elena 000136097 700__ $$aShaydullaev, Shapulat 000136097 700__ $$aSias, Emanuela 000136097 700__ $$aŠlaus, Mario 000136097 700__ $$aStanco, Ladislav 000136097 700__ $$aSwanston, Treena 000136097 700__ $$aTeschler-Nicola, Maria 000136097 700__ $$aValentin, Frederique 000136097 700__ $$aVan de Vijver, Katrien 000136097 700__ $$aVarney, Tamara L. 000136097 700__ $$aVigil-Escalera Guirado, Alfonso 000136097 700__ $$aWaters, Christopher K. 000136097 700__ $$aWeiss-Krejci, Estella 000136097 700__ $$aWinter, Eduard 000136097 700__ $$aLamnidis, Thiseas C. 000136097 700__ $$aPrüfer, Kay 000136097 700__ $$aNägele, Kathrin 000136097 700__ $$aSpyrou, Maria 000136097 700__ $$aSchiffels, Stephan 000136097 700__ $$aStockhammer, Philipp W. 000136097 700__ $$aHaak, Wolfgang 000136097 700__ $$aPosth, Cosimo 000136097 700__ $$aWarinner, Christina 000136097 700__ $$aBos, Kirsten I. 000136097 700__ $$aHerbig, Alexander 000136097 700__ $$aKrause, Johannes 000136097 773__ $$g631 (2024), 125-133$$pNature$$tNature$$x0028-0836 000136097 8564_ $$s2135952$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/136097/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yVersión publicada 000136097 8564_ $$s3399681$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/136097/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yVersión publicada 000136097 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:136097$$particulos$$pdriver 000136097 951__ $$a2026-01-12-13:06:31 000136097 980__ $$aARTICLE