000147910 001__ 147910 000147910 005__ 20250923084442.0 000147910 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.3390/molecules29245982 000147910 0248_ $$2sideral$$a141440 000147910 037__ $$aART-2024-141440 000147910 041__ $$aeng 000147910 100__ $$aJojoa-Sierra, Sindy D.$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000147910 245__ $$aThe Photocatalytic Degradation of Enrofloxacin Using an Ecofriendly Natural Iron Mineral: The Relationship Between the Degradation Routes, Generated Byproducts, and Antimicrobial Activity of Treated Solutions 000147910 260__ $$c2024 000147910 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted 000147910 5203_ $$aThe use of ecofriendly natural minerals in photocatalytic processes to deal with the antimicrobial activity (AA) associated with antibiotics in aqueous systems is still incipient. Therefore, in this work, the capacity of a natural iron material (NIM) in photo-treatments, generating reactive species, to remove the antibiotic enrofloxacin and decrease its associated AA from water is presented. Initially, the fundamental composition, oxidation states, bandgap, point of zero charge, and morphological characteristics of the NIM were determined, denoting the NIM’s feasibility for photocatalytic processes. Consequently, the effectiveness of different advanced processes such as using solar light with the NIM (Light–NIM) and solar light with the NIM and H2O2 (Light–NIM–H2O2) to reduce AA was evaluated. The NIM acts as a semiconductor under solar light, effectively degrading enrofloxacin (ENR) and reducing its AA, although complete elimination was not achieved. The addition of hydrogen peroxide (NIM–Light–H2O2) enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby increasing the elimination of ENR and AA. The role of ROS, specifically O2•− and HO●, in the degradation of enrofloxacin was distinguished using scavenger species and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis. Additionally, the five primary degradation products generated during the advanced processes were elucidated. Furthermore, the relationship between the structure of these products and the persistence or elimination of AA, which was differentiated against E. coli but not against S. aureus, was discussed. The effects of the matrix during the process and the extent of the treatments, including their capacity to promote disinfection, were also studied. The reusability of the natural iron material was examined, and it was found that the NIM–Light–H2O2 system showed an effective reduction of 5 logarithmic units in microbiological contamination in an EWWTP and can be reused for up to three cycles while maintaining 100% efficiency in reducing AA. 000147910 536__ $$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/DGA/B43-23R$$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MICINN/PID2021-127287NB-I00 000147910 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess$$aby$$uhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/ 000147910 590__ $$a4.6$$b2024 000147910 592__ $$a0.865$$b2024 000147910 591__ $$aCHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY$$b75 / 239 = 0.314$$c2024$$dQ2$$eT1 000147910 593__ $$aPharmaceutical Science$$c2024$$dQ1 000147910 591__ $$aBIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY$$b82 / 319 = 0.257$$c2024$$dQ2$$eT1 000147910 593__ $$aOrganic Chemistry$$c2024$$dQ1 000147910 593__ $$aAnalytical Chemistry$$c2024$$dQ1 000147910 593__ $$aPhysical and Theoretical Chemistry$$c2024$$dQ1 000147910 593__ $$aChemistry (miscellaneous)$$c2024$$dQ1 000147910 593__ $$aMolecular Medicine$$c2024$$dQ2 000147910 593__ $$aDrug Discovery$$c2024$$dQ2 000147910 593__ $$aMedicine (miscellaneous)$$c2024$$dQ2 000147910 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion 000147910 700__ $$aSerna-Galvis, Efraím A. 000147910 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-1827-1250$$aGarcía-Rubio, Inés 000147910 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0003-3014-0322$$aOrmad, Maria P.$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000147910 700__ $$aTorres-Palma, Ricardo A. 000147910 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-7456-4912$$aMosteo, Rosa$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000147910 7102_ $$15005$$2790$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Ing.Quím.Tecnol.Med.Amb.$$cÁrea Tecnologi. Medio Ambiente 000147910 773__ $$g29, 24 (2024), 5982 [33 pp.]$$pMolecules (Basel, Online)$$tMolecules$$x1420-3049 000147910 8564_ $$s4499227$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/147910/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yVersión publicada 000147910 8564_ $$s2671898$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/147910/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yVersión publicada 000147910 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:147910$$particulos$$pdriver 000147910 951__ $$a2025-09-22-14:51:40 000147910 980__ $$aARTICLE