147910 20260217205538.0 doi 10.3390/molecules29245982 sideral 141440 ART-2024-141440 eng Jojoa-Sierra, Sindy D. Universidad de Zaragoza The Photocatalytic Degradation of Enrofloxacin Using an Ecofriendly Natural Iron Mineral: The Relationship Between the Degradation Routes, Generated Byproducts, and Antimicrobial Activity of Treated Solutions 2024 Access copy available to the general public Unrestricted The use of ecofriendly natural minerals in photocatalytic processes to deal with the antimicrobial activity (AA) associated with antibiotics in aqueous systems is still incipient. Therefore, in this work, the capacity of a natural iron material (NIM) in photo-treatments, generating reactive species, to remove the antibiotic enrofloxacin and decrease its associated AA from water is presented. Initially, the fundamental composition, oxidation states, bandgap, point of zero charge, and morphological characteristics of the NIM were determined, denoting the NIM’s feasibility for photocatalytic processes. Consequently, the effectiveness of different advanced processes such as using solar light with the NIM (Light–NIM) and solar light with the NIM and H2O2 (Light–NIM–H2O2) to reduce AA was evaluated. The NIM acts as a semiconductor under solar light, effectively degrading enrofloxacin (ENR) and reducing its AA, although complete elimination was not achieved. The addition of hydrogen peroxide (NIM–Light–H2O2) enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby increasing the elimination of ENR and AA. The role of ROS, specifically O2•− and HO●, in the degradation of enrofloxacin was distinguished using scavenger species and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis. Additionally, the five primary degradation products generated during the advanced processes were elucidated. Furthermore, the relationship between the structure of these products and the persistence or elimination of AA, which was differentiated against E. coli but not against S. aureus, was discussed. The effects of the matrix during the process and the extent of the treatments, including their capacity to promote disinfection, were also studied. The reusability of the natural iron material was examined, and it was found that the NIM–Light–H2O2 system showed an effective reduction of 5 logarithmic units in microbiological contamination in an EWWTP and can be reused for up to three cycles while maintaining 100% efficiency in reducing AA. info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/DGA/B43-23R info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MICINN/PID2021-127287NB-I00 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess by https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es 4.6 2024 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY 76 / 239 = 0.318 2024 Q2 T1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 82 / 320 = 0.256 2024 Q2 T1 0.865 2024 Pharmaceutical Science 2024 Q1 Organic Chemistry 2024 Q1 Analytical Chemistry 2024 Q1 Physical and Theoretical Chemistry 2024 Q1 Chemistry (miscellaneous) 2024 Q1 Molecular Medicine 2024 Q2 Drug Discovery 2024 Q2 Medicine (miscellaneous) 2024 Q2 8.6 2024 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Serna-Galvis, Efraím A. García-Rubio, Inés (orcid)0000-0002-1827-1250 Ormad, Maria P. Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0003-3014-0322 Torres-Palma, Ricardo A. Mosteo, Rosa Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0002-7456-4912 5005 790 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Ing.Quím.Tecnol.Med.Amb. Área Tecnologi. Medio Ambiente 29, 24 (2024), 5982 [33 pp.] Molecules (Basel, Online) Molecules 1420-3049 4499227 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/147910/files/texto_completo.pdf Versión publicada 2671898 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/147910/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon icon Versión publicada oai:zaguan.unizar.es:147910 articulos driver 2026-02-17-20:35:21 ARTICLE