000148231 001__ 148231 000148231 005__ 20250923084432.0 000148231 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.3390/jcm13237050 000148231 0248_ $$2sideral$$a141688 000148231 037__ $$aART-2024-141688 000148231 041__ $$aeng 000148231 100__ $$aDi Franco, Joseph 000148231 245__ $$aComparative Evaluation of Sodium Hypochlorite Gel Penetration Using Er,Cr:YSGG Laser and Passive Ultrasonic Activation After Apicoectomy: An In Vitro Study with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy 000148231 260__ $$c2024 000148231 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted 000148231 5203_ $$aBackground: Lasers from the erbium family have been investigated to activate irrigation with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), improving the disinfection depth of the dentinal tubules of the root canal walls during root canal treatment. However, the possibility of laser-activated irrigation (LAI) in retro-cavity preparation has not been investigated to the date. The aim of our experimental study is to evaluate the efficacy of NaOCl gel penetration inside the dentinal tubules when activated during retro-cavity preparation, comparing passive ultrasonic activation (PUI) and Er,Cr:YSGG LAI. Materials and Methods: Fifty extracted mature single-root human teeth were divided into four groups (control, PUI, and two LAI groups with different NaOCl concentrations). After conventional endodontic treatment and root end resection, NaOCl gel (impregnated with rhodamine dye for confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analysis) was applied and activated according to the study group. The penetration index and mean penetration length were measured using computer software. Results: Both penetration index and mean penetration length were found to have increased in the PUI group compared to the control samples. However, LAI had a better penetration that was statistically significant compared to both the PUI and control groups. The difference in NaOCl concentration in the laser groups did not affect the penetration values. Conclusions: Within the limitations of our in vitro study using NaOCl gel activation in the retro-cavity after apicectomy, Er,Cr:YSGG LAI significantly enhanced NaOCl gel penetration capacity compared to PUI, regardless of its concentration. LAI can enhance its penetration in a safe way, avoiding its extrusion to the surrounding periapical tissues. 000148231 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess$$aby$$uhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/ 000148231 590__ $$a2.9$$b2024 000148231 592__ $$a0.919$$b2024 000148231 591__ $$aMEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL$$b65 / 332 = 0.196$$c2024$$dQ1$$eT1 000148231 593__ $$aMedicine (miscellaneous)$$c2024$$dQ1 000148231 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion 000148231 700__ $$aElafifi Ebeid, Haitham$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000148231 700__ $$aBetancourt, Pablo 000148231 700__ $$aPallarés-Sabater, Antonio 000148231 700__ $$aCasino Alegre, Alberto 000148231 7102_ $$11013$$2275$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Cirugía$$cÁrea Estomatología 000148231 773__ $$g13, 23 (2024), 7050 [9 pp.]$$pJ. clin.med.$$tJournal of Clinical Medicine$$x2077-0383 000148231 8564_ $$s2579262$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/148231/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yVersión publicada 000148231 8564_ $$s2644997$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/148231/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yVersión publicada 000148231 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:148231$$particulos$$pdriver 000148231 951__ $$a2025-09-22-14:44:04 000148231 980__ $$aARTICLE