148262 20260217205443.0 doi 10.3390/batteries10120427 sideral 141725 ART-2024-141725 eng Dufo-López, Rodolfo Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0002-1490-6423 Optimising grid-connected pv-battery systems for energy arbitrage and frequency containment reserve 2024 Access copy available to the general public Unrestricted This study introduces a novel method for optimising the size and control strategy of grid-connected, utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) systems with battery storage aimed at energy arbitrage and frequency containment reserve (FCR) services. By applying genetic algorithms (GA), the optimal configurations of PV generators, inverters/chargers, and batteries were determined, focusing on maximising the net present value (NPV). Both DC- and AC-coupled systems were explored. The performance of each configuration was simulated over a 25-year lifespan, considering varying pricing, solar resources, battery ageing, and PV degradation. Constraints included investment costs, capacity factors, and land use. A case study conducted in Wiesenthal, Germany, was followed by sensitivity analyses, revealing that a 75% reduction in battery costs is needed to make AC-coupled PV-plus-battery systems as profitable as PV-only systems. Further analysis shows that changes in electricity and FCR pricing as well as limits on FCR charging can significantly impact NPV. The study confirms that integrating arbitrage and FCR services can optimize system profitability. info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/AEI/PID2021-123172OB-I00 info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EUR/AEI/TED2021-129801B-I00 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess by https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es 4.8 2024 ELECTROCHEMISTRY 12 / 44 = 0.273 2024 Q2 T1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY 148 / 461 = 0.321 2024 Q2 T1 ENERGY & FUELS 84 / 182 = 0.462 2024 Q2 T2 0.825 2024 Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2024 Q1 Energy Engineering and Power Technology 2024 Q2 Electrochemistry 2024 Q2 6.6 2024 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Lujano-Rojas, Juan M. Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0002-5801-0602 Artal-Sevil, Jesús S. Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0001-7764-235X Bernal-Agustín, José L. Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0003-2813-1240 5009 535 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Ingeniería Eléctrica Área Ingeniería Eléctrica 10, 12 (2024), 427 [29 p.] Batteries 2313-0105 5720340 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/148262/files/texto_completo.pdf Versión publicada 2663990 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/148262/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon icon Versión publicada oai:zaguan.unizar.es:148262 articulos driver 2026-02-17-20:17:21 ARTICLE