000149133 001__ 149133
000149133 005__ 20250125214313.0
000149133 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104820
000149133 0248_ $$2sideral$$a117733
000149133 037__ $$aART-2020-117733
000149133 041__ $$aeng
000149133 100__ $$aIglesias-Émbil, Marta
000149133 245__ $$aRaw material use in a battery electric car – a thermodynamic rarity assessment
000149133 260__ $$c2020
000149133 5203_ $$aThe transition to full electromobility must be carefully evaluated, as large amounts of strategic metals will be required, for which there is presently little to no recovery or recycling (e.g. gold, silver, tantalum or cobalt). In this study, we perform a comprehensive metal assessment of two passenger cars (conventional and battery electric models) in terms of mass and thermodynamic rarity. Thermodynamic rarity is based on the property of exergy and is defined as “the amount of exergy resources needed to obtain a mineral commodity from average crustal concentration using the best available technology” (measured in kJ). Thus, the thermodynamic rarity approach assigns a greater exergetic value to scarce (understood as having a relative low average crustal concentration) and difficult-to-extract minerals. Of the 60 metals analyzed, almost 50 metals have been identified within the studied cars, representing 800 (conventional) and 1, 200 kg (battery electric), showcasing the fact that a car constitutes a “road mine”. Furthermore, given that the technology behind battery electric cars is in development, three generations of Li-ion batteries were analyzed to study the effect on resource use of a metal changing composition over time. Albeit the battery modules of the three generations present a similar mass content (approximately 70 kgs), the thermodynamic rarity decreases from 275 to 100 Gigajoules, due to the reduced proportion of cobalt, which is by far the most exergetic metal within the battery. Additionally, with the thermodynamic rarity approach, the most exergy intensive parts within a battery electric car have been identified – the high-voltage battery modules, the electric drive, the power module, the charger, the electrical air conditioning compressor and the electromechanical brake servo – providing an indicator facilitating proactive mid- to long-term ecodesign measures and recycling strategies.
000149133 536__ $$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MINECO/ENE2017-85224-R
000149133 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess$$aAll rights reserved$$uhttp://www.europeana.eu/rights/rr-f/
000149133 590__ $$a10.204$$b2020
000149133 591__ $$aENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES$$b11 / 273 = 0.04$$c2020$$dQ1$$eT1
000149133 591__ $$aENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL$$b5 / 53 = 0.094$$c2020$$dQ1$$eT1
000149133 592__ $$a2.468$$b2020
000149133 593__ $$aWaste Management and Disposal$$c2020$$dQ1
000149133 593__ $$aEconomics and Econometrics$$c2020$$dQ1
000149133 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
000149133 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0003-3330-1793$$aValero, Alicia$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza
000149133 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-6148-1253$$aOrtego, Abel$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza
000149133 700__ $$aVillacampa, Mar
000149133 700__ $$aVilaró, Josep
000149133 700__ $$aVillalba, Gara
000149133 7102_ $$15004$$2590$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Ingeniería Mecánica$$cÁrea Máquinas y Motores Térmi.
000149133 773__ $$g158 (2020), 104820 1-11$$pResour. conserv. recycl.$$tResources, Conservation and Recycling$$x0921-3449
000149133 8564_ $$s194638$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/149133/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yVersión publicada
000149133 8564_ $$s994399$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/149133/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yVersión publicada
000149133 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:149133$$particulos$$pdriver
000149133 951__ $$a2025-01-25-20:57:00
000149133 980__ $$aARTICLE