150634 20260107185709.0 doi 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112631 sideral 142782 ART-2025-142782 eng Pérez-Bella, José M. Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0003-4278-6622 Comprehensive and enhanced characterisation of wind-driven rain exposure on building façades throughout the Netherlands 2025 Access copy available to the general public Unrestricted Rainwater penetration into building façades leads to multiple challenges such as material degradation, reduced energy efficiency, and adverse health effects on occupants. Wind-driven rain (WDR) caused by wind-deflecting raindrops is the primary source of this infiltration. Herein, the directional WDR exposure on façades throughout the Netherlands was characterised through the analysis of hourly climatic data from 28 weather stations spanning 2010 to 2019 using the ISO 15927–3 standard. Consequently, updated isopleth maps of annual and transient WDR exposures, along with the orientation of their directional maxima, were produced. In addition, the transient exposures associated with ISO spells (i.e., wetting periods separated by generic drying intervals of at least 96 h) were compared with those linked to enhanced spells, separated by representative drying intervals that account for potential evaporation losses depending on façade orientation and the local climate. This enhanced characterisation provides more reliable exposure assessments and a detailed understanding of their geographical variability, thereby facilitating renewed application of the ISO standard across the country. Generally, the highest WDR exposures were identified on the southwest-facing façades in the coastal regions of the southwest and north, decreasing inland and toward the southeast of the Netherlands. info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MICINN/PID2021-122203OB-I00 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess by-nd https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.es info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Domínguez-Hernández, Javier Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0002-3776-9791 Orna-Carmona, Martín (orcid)0000-0001-5634-9357 López-Julián, Pedro L. Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0002-5585-2126 Ibarz-Montaner, Elena Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0003-0785-4132 5004 510 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Ingeniería Mecánica Area Ingeniería Construcción 2000 427 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Ciencias de la Tierra Área Geodinámica Externa 5004 605 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Ingeniería Mecánica Área Mec.Med.Cont. y Teor.Est. 271 (2025), 112631 [13 pp.] Build. environ. Building and Environment 0360-1323 5252084 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/150634/files/texto_completo.pdf Versión publicada 2662580 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/150634/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon icon Versión publicada oai:zaguan.unizar.es:150634 articulos driver 2026-01-07-18:55:40 ARTICLE