151276 20251017144608.0 doi 10.1007/s12144-025-07342-9 sideral 143113 ART-2025-143113 eng Suárez-Yera, Claudia From the 4Ns to the 3Ns. Reliability and validation studies of the Spanish-adapted Carnism Scale 2025 Carnism is an ideology that supports meat consumption using arguments known as the three Ns: natural, necessary, and normal. Subsequently, the argument of'nice' was added to these Ns, so the 3Ns became the 4Ns. The primary objective of this study was to improve the Spanish version of the 4N Scale, the most widely used scale to measure this conception of carnism, in terms of theoretical fit and psychometric properties based on a first adaptation of the 4N Scale to the Spanish context. This study explored the suitability of different 3N-based models to determine the best theoretical framework to measure carnism. This work consisted of two parts: Study 1 (n = 300), which tested different models in terms of theoretical structure and psychometric properties of the 4Ns, and Study 2 (n = 455), which validated the best model of Study 1 and explored a second-order factor model. Confirmatory factor analyses were performed in both studies and the results showed that the 4N model, which had methodological issues, would be improved if only natural, necessary, and nice dimensions were used. The findings suggest that, even though Normality is an essential aspect of understanding the ideology of carnism, we discuss the rationale behind why Normal dimension in the carnism measurement is not appropriate. info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess All rights reserved http://www.europeana.eu/rights/rr-f/ info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Sánchez-Castelló, María Ordóñez-Carrasco, Jorge L. Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0002-2259-2639 Rojas-Tejada, Antonio J. 4009 620 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Psicología y Sociología Área Metod.Ciencias Comportam. (2025), [10 pp.] Curr. psychol. Current Psychology 1046-1310 1681404 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/151276/files/texto_completo.pdf Versión publicada 2479886 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/151276/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon icon Versión publicada oai:zaguan.unizar.es:151276 articulos driver 2025-10-17-14:16:12 ARTICLE