151465 20251017144617.0 doi 10.1007/s11269-021-02885-5 sideral 126210 ART-2021-126210 eng Gómez Sellés E. Rigid versus variable energy sources in water-pressurized systems: an economic and environmental analysis 2021 Access copy available to the general public Unrestricted The layouts of most urban water systems are known. A head tank with an appropriate elevation is used to supply water through the network at a pressure equal (or higher) to that set by the relevant standards. Furthermore, equalization, fire and emergency storage are important benefits of tank use, as is the possibility of avoiding peak rate electricity fares. However, at the end of the last century, some tanks were reported to have a negative impact the quality of water, and recommendations were made to limit their volume and revise their geometry. Recently, alternative options have been considered. Equalization can be achieved with pumps with variable-frequency drivers, emergency situations can be avoided with electric oil generators and solar plants can be used to offset other generation types and reduce energy costs. Therefore, this article analyses the performance of tanks as an energy source, and tank and pump supply methods are directly compared; overall, direct supply through pumps is cheaper, more energy efficient and more environmentally convenient. Therefore, in the context of climate change, it seems reasonable to avoid water tanks as energy sources. info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess by https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es 4.426 2021 WATER RESOURCES 24 / 99 = 0.242 2021 Q1 T1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL 33 / 138 = 0.239 2021 Q1 T1 0.929 2021 Water Science and Technology 2021 Q1 Civil and Structural Engineering 2021 Q1 6.6 2021 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Briones-Hidrovo A. del Teso March R. Uche Marcuello F.J. Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0003-4408-6881 Cabrera Marcet E. 5004 590 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Ingeniería Mecánica Área Máquinas y Motores Térmi. 35, 10 (2021), 3203-3220 Water resour. manag. Water Resources Management 0920-4741 963663 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/151465/files/texto_completo.pdf Versión publicada 1304602 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/151465/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon icon Versión publicada oai:zaguan.unizar.es:151465 articulos driver 2025-10-17-14:19:55 ARTICLE