151675 20251017144627.0 doi 10.3390/batteries11020070 sideral 143235 ART-2025-143235 eng Dufo-López, Rodolfo Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0002-1490-6423 Optimization of Size and Operation of Stand-Alone Renewable-Based Systems with Diesel and Hybrid Pumped Hydro Storage–Battery Storage Considering Uncertainties 2025 Access copy available to the general public Unrestricted Currently, the electrical supply in stand-alone systems is usually composed of renewable sources with fossil-fuel generators and battery storage. This study shows a novel model for the metaheuristic–stochastic optimization (minimization of the net present cost, and NPC) of sizing and energy management for stand-alone photovoltaic (PV)–wind–diesel systems with hybrid pumped hydro storage (PHS)–battery storage systems. The model is implemented in C++ programming language. To optimize operations—thus reducing PHS losses and increasing battery lifetimes—optimal energy management can optimize the power limits of using the PHS or battery to supply or store energy. The probabilistic approach considers the variability of wind speed, irradiation, temperature, load, and diesel fuel price inflation. The variable efficiencies of the components and losses and advanced models for battery degradation are considered. This methodology was applied to Graciosa Island (Portugal), showing that, compared with the current system, the optimal system (with a much higher renewable power and a hybrid PHS–battery storage) can reduce the NPC by half, reduce life cycle emissions to 14%, expand renewable penetration to 96%, and reduce the reserve capacity shortage to zero. info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/AEI/PID2021-123172OB-I00 info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EUR/AEI/TED2021-129801B-I00 info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EUR/ISCII-ERDF/A way to make Europe info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess by https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Lujano-Rojas, Juan M. Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0002-5801-0602 5009 535 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Ingeniería Eléctrica Área Ingeniería Eléctrica 11, 2 (2025), 70 [32 pp.] Batteries 2313-0105 6321730 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/151675/files/texto_completo.pdf Versión publicada 2618292 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/151675/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon icon Versión publicada oai:zaguan.unizar.es:151675 articulos driver 2025-10-17-14:24:46 ARTICLE