152193 20251017144555.0 doi 10.3390/agriculture15050448 sideral 143428 ART-2025-143428 eng Larraz, Virginia Use of new technologies to determine the locomotion energy expenditure and livestock activity patterns of free-grazing sheep in mountain pastures 2025 Access copy available to the general public Unrestricted This study assessed the daily energy expenditure and activity of sheep in mountain pastures in the Pyrenees (Spain), using Global Positioning System (GPS) and accelerometer data. Sheep traveled an average of 9.6 km daily, and the average daily energy expenditure due to locomotion was 3.20 MJ.day−1. Activity exhibited a bimodal grazing pattern, peaking in early morning and late afternoon, with reduced movement at midday and night. Despite an average loss of 0.65 points of the body condition score (BCS), most sheep remained within the optimal range. This study demonstrates the substantial energy demands of sheep grazing in the rugged terrain of mountain pastures and the effectiveness of GPS and accelerometer technology in capturing detailed activity patterns, providing insights for optimizing grazing strategies and livestock management. info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/DGA/E03-23R info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess by https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Barrantes, Olivia Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0002-4877-5249 Reiné, Ramón Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0002-9990-571X 5011 705 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. CC.Agrar.y Medio Natural Área Producción Vegetal 15, 5 (2025), 448 [19 pp.] Agriculture (Basel) Agriculture (Basel) 2077-0472 3336750 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/152193/files/texto_completo.pdf Versión publicada 2578872 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/152193/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon icon Versión publicada oai:zaguan.unizar.es:152193 articulos driver 2025-10-17-14:12:54 ARTICLE