doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105628engTameris, MicheleRozot, VirginieImbratta, ClaireGeldenhuys, HennieMendelsohn, Simon C.Kany Luabeya, Angelique KanyShenje, JustinTredoux, NicoletteFisher, MichelleMulenga, HumphreyBilek, NicoleYoung, CarlyVeldsman, AshleyBotes, NatasjaThole, JelleFritzell, BernardMukherjee, RajatJelsbak, Ingrid MurilloRodriguez, EstebanPuentes, EugeniaDoce, JuanaMarinova, DessislavaGonzalo-Asensio, JesúsAguilo, NachoMartin, CarlosScriba, Thomas J.Hatherill, MarkAbrahams, CharmaineAfrica, HadnArendsen, DenisBarnard, LiezlCloete, YolundiDavids, IlseErasmus, MzwandileFilander, ElizabethGregg, YolandeHerling, RoxaneJansen, RuwiydaJack, LungisaKelepu, XolisweKyepa, HenrietteLeopeng, ThelmaMabwe, SimbarahseMactavie, LaurenMakhete, LebohangMangali, SandisiweMouton, AngeliqueNkambule, HlengiweNoble, JuliaNombida, OnkeNqakala, NambithaOpperman, FajwaRaphela, RodneyRossouw, SusanSchoeman, ElismaSchreuder, ConstanceSteyn, MarciaSwanepoel, LiticiaToefy, AsmaTromp, AneleTyambethu, PetrusValley, HabibullahVan Rooyes, JohannaSafety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of MTBVAC in infants: a phase 2a randomised, double-blind, dose-defining trial in a TB endemic settingART-2025-143585Safer and more effective tuberculosis (TB) vaccines than Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) are needed. We evaluated the safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of three dose levels of the live-attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) vaccine, MTBVAC, compared to BCG, in South African infants. Methods. Healthy, HIV-unexposed, BCG-naïve infants were randomised to receive a single intradermal dose of BCG (2.5 × 105 CFU, n = 24) or MTBVAC (2.5 × 104, 2.5 × 105, or 2.5 × 106 CFU, each n = 25). Safety endpoints were solicited systemic, solicited injection site, and unsolicited adverse events (AE), and serious AE (SAE). Immunogenicity was measured using interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) and whole blood intracellular cytokine staining assay. Follow-up was 12 months post-vaccination. Findings. Ninety-nine infants were enrolled between 18 February 2019 and 08 March 2021. Seventy-eight infants experienced reactogenicity AE (all mild except one grade 2 erythema). Induration, swelling, and erythema were more frequent as MTBVAC dose increased. All reactogenicity events were less frequent in infants receiving MTBVAC 2.5 × 105 CFU compared with BCG. Twelve infants (three BCG and nine MTBVAC recipients) experienced 14 vaccine-unrelated SAE, including one death due to bronchopneumonia (MTBVAC recipient). Eight infants were treated for unconfirmed pulmonary TB (four BCG and four MTBVAC 2.5 × 104 CFU recipients); one BCG recipient was treated for unconfirmed TB meningitis. MTBVAC was immunogenic at all 3 doses, inducing predominantly Th1-cytokine-expressing CD4 T cells, which peaked at Day 56. The 2.5 × 105 and 2.5 × 106 CFU MTBVAC doses induced similar response magnitudes and were more immunogenic than BCG. Day 56 IGRA conversion was observed in 61 (87.4%) infants receiving any MTBVAC dose, but only 28 (42.4%) remained positive by Day 365. Interpretation. MTBVAC appeared safe, well-tolerated, and immunogenic at doses between 2.5 × 104 and 2.5 × 106 CFU in South African infants. The 2.5 × 105 CFU MTBVAC dose, being less reactogenic and more immunogenic than BCG, was selected for a multi-centre, phase 3 trial.2025http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/15311410.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105628http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/153114oai:zaguan.unizar.es:153114info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EUR/EDCTP/RIA2016V-1637EBioMedicine 114 (2025), 105628 [12 pp.]by-nchttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.esinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess