000153681 001__ 153681 000153681 005__ 20251017144617.0 000153681 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1016/j.palaeo.2025.112929 000153681 0248_ $$2sideral$$a143817 000153681 037__ $$aART-2025-143817 000153681 041__ $$aeng 000153681 100__ $$aLu, Zhengbo 000153681 245__ $$aImproving the temporal resolution of middle Eocene–late Oligocene foraminiferal biomagneto-chronology: Insights from CONOP and chronologic significance of biotic events 000153681 260__ $$c2025 000153681 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted 000153681 5203_ $$aTo understand Earth's history, a comprehensive time scale integrating available stratigraphic information is crucial. The middle Eocene to late Oligocene offers abundant stratigraphic information, including foraminiferal and magnetostratigraphic data. However, traditional biostratigraphy uses only a small fraction (1–10 %) of foraminifera as markers, reducing the time scale's temporal resolution and lacking a quantitative method to assess the chronologic significance of both mearker and non-marker biotic events. This study employs the quantitative stratigraphic method, Constrained Optimization (CONOP), using 11 reference sections to create a high-resolution magneto-foraminiferal time scale for the middle Eocene–late Oligocene. The new composite sequence improves temporal resolution by nearly tenfold over traditional methods, incorporating 409 additional biotic events while aligning closely with established markers. Two evaluation factors, diachrony and centrality, were developed to assess the temporal consistency of events among different locations and geographic ranges. Findings reveal that the chronological significance of small benthic foraminifera, planktonic foraminifera, and foraminiferal zonal species events increases sequentially. Conversely, larger benthic foraminiferal events are affected by endemism, complicating their evaluation. Incorporating magnetostratigraphic data into CONOP enhances the robustness and accuracy of stratigraphic correlation. Our approach offers a way to apply CONOP for high-resolution time scales, allowing for a comprehensive assessment of biotic events beyond the use of zonal fossils. 000153681 536__ $$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MICINN-FEDER/PID2019-105537RB-I00$$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MICINN/PID2023-149894OB-I00 000153681 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccess$$aby-nc-nd$$uhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.es 000153681 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion 000153681 700__ $$aFan, Junxuan 000153681 700__ $$aWade, Bridget S. 000153681 700__ $$aOgg, James 000153681 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-8801-9544$$aAlegret, Laia$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000153681 700__ $$aSadler, Peter M. 000153681 700__ $$aStephenson, Michael H. 000153681 700__ $$aShi, Yukun 000153681 700__ $$aQian, Chao 000153681 700__ $$aXue, Ke 000153681 700__ $$aFang, Peiyue 000153681 7102_ $$12000$$2655$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Ciencias de la Tierra$$cÁrea Paleontología 000153681 773__ $$g669 (2025), 112929 [11 pp.]$$pPalaeogeogr. palaeoclimatol. palaeoecol.$$tPALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY$$x0031-0182 000153681 8564_ $$s835539$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/153681/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yPostprint$$zinfo:eu-repo/date/embargoEnd/2027-07-01 000153681 8564_ $$s1302581$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/153681/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yPostprint$$zinfo:eu-repo/date/embargoEnd/2027-07-01 000153681 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:153681$$particulos$$pdriver 000153681 951__ $$a2025-10-17-14:20:22 000153681 980__ $$aARTICLE