000153692 001__ 153692
000153692 005__ 20251017144634.0
000153692 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1007/s40279-025-02193-7
000153692 0248_ $$2sideral$$a143763
000153692 037__ $$aART-2025-143763
000153692 041__ $$aeng
000153692 100__ $$aJames, Carl
000153692 245__ $$aThermal and biomechanical responses of amateur, elite and world cup athletes during a world cup sprint triathlon in the heat
000153692 260__ $$c2025
000153692 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted
000153692 5203_ $$aObjectives: Core temperature (TCORE), skin temperature (TTORSO) and running kinematics were measured across different athlete categories at a World Cup Sprint Triathlon, occurring during a heatwave (~ 25–31 °C Wet Bulb Globe Temperature [WBGT]).
Methods: Sixty-six triathletes participated: 21 World Cup (7 females), 32 Hong Kong-Elite (HK-Elite; 8 females) and 13 Amateur (6 females).
Results: Seventeen triathletes displayed a TCORE > 40.0 °C and two > 41.0 °C. Peak TCORE was not different between athlete categories (World Cup: 39.7 ± 0.6 °C; HK-Elite: 39.9 ± 0.8 °C; Amateur: 39.5 ± 0.8 °C; p = 0.357). However, there was an interaction between race phase and category (p = 0.001). Changes in TCORE for World Cup (2.4 ± 0.4 °C) and HK-Elite (2.5 ± 1.0 °C) were greater than for Amateurs (1.5 ± 0.7 °C). Peak TTORSO was higher in HK-Elites during afternoon races compared with morning World Cup races (p < 0.001). TTORSO reduced during the swim (pbonf < 0.001), then increased during the bike (pbonf < 0.001) but not run (pbonf = 1.00). World Cup athletes (3.15 ± 0.23 m) displayed longer strides (HK-Elites: 2.64 ± 0.35 m; Amateurs: 2.18 ± 0.30 m; pbonf < 0.001), shorter contact times (209.3 ± 13.7 ms; HK-Elites: 237.8 ± 23.0 ms; Amateurs: 262.9 ± 31.0 ms, pbonf < 0.001) and higher stride frequency (182.9 ± 6.3 strides.min−1) than HK-Elites (173.9 ± 6.8 strides.min−1) and Amateurs (173.2 ± 8.7 strides.min−1, pbonf < 0.001), which were comparable. There were no biomechanical changes over time and no interactions.
Conclusion: Different athlete categories displayed comparable peak TCORE responses. Amateur triathletes tolerated TCORE > 40.0 °C without heat illness symptoms. TCORE may rise > 41 °C during a sprint triathlon held under Blue flag conditions (~ 26 °C WBGT), questioning the suitability of sprint-distance triathlons as a safer alternative to Olympic-distance triathlons under Red/Black flag conditions (> 30.1 °C WBGT).
000153692 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess$$aby$$uhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es
000153692 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
000153692 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-9191-9033$$aMúñiz-Pardos, Borja$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza
000153692 700__ $$aIhsan, Mohammed
000153692 700__ $$aLo, Ka-Kay
000153692 700__ $$aLam, Wing-Kai
000153692 700__ $$aIglesias, Dani Peña
000153692 700__ $$aAngeloudis, Konstantinos
000153692 700__ $$aTeng, Yi
000153692 700__ $$aJiao, Jiao
000153692 700__ $$aHu, Ke
000153692 700__ $$aWong, KaKi
000153692 700__ $$aGuppy, Fergus
000153692 700__ $$aRacinais, Sébastien
000153692 700__ $$aChalmers, Samuel
000153692 700__ $$aMigliorini, Sergio
000153692 700__ $$aWu, Kenneth
000153692 700__ $$aPitsiladis, Yannis
000153692 7102_ $$11006$$2245$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Fisiatría y Enfermería$$cÁrea Educación Física y Depor.
000153692 773__ $$g(2025), [12 pp.]$$pSports med.$$tSPORTS MEDICINE$$x0112-1642
000153692 8564_ $$s2165281$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/153692/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yVersión publicada
000153692 8564_ $$s2514866$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/153692/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yVersión publicada
000153692 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:153692$$particulos$$pdriver
000153692 951__ $$a2025-10-17-14:28:04
000153692 980__ $$aARTICLE