doi:10.1007/s10311-025-01827-6engDing, WeiRemón, JavierJiang, ZhichengEnvironmentally-friendly tanning for leather production: a reviewART-2025-143848Traditional industrial methods of the leather industry produce toxic chromium-containing wastewater and solid wastes, calling for alternative procedures. Here, we review greener technologies to produce leather with focus on principles to design materials, high-efficiency chrome tanning, chrome-free processes, e.g., organic tanning, combination tanning, nanomaterial-based tanning, and tanning agent-free technology, as well as high-performance post-tanning using multifunctional polymers, integrated tanning-dyeing systems, and socioeconomical aspects. High-efficiency chrome tanning is done by high-exhaustion chrome tanning or inverse chrome tanning, which reduce the usage of chrome. Organic tanning employs biomass-derived and polymeric tanning agents.2025http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/15662810.1007/s10311-025-01827-6http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/156628oai:zaguan.unizar.es:156628info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/AEI/RYC2021-033368-Iinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/DGA/T22-23REnvironmental Chemistry Letters 23, 3 (2025), 839-864All rights reservedhttp://www.europeana.eu/rights/rr-f/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess