161704 20251017144606.0 doi 10.3390/healthcare13111240 sideral 144372 ART-2025-144372 eng Morales-Lalaguna, Ana Cristina The Influence of the Menstrual Cycle on Electrical Thresholds for Sensory and Pain Perception: Implications for Exercise and Rehabilitation in Women With and Without Primary Dysmenorrhea—A Pilot Study 2025 Access copy available to the general public Unrestricted Background: Hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle (MC) influence pain perception, potentially affecting exercise performance and rehabilitation in women. This effect may be more pronounced in individuals with primary dysmenorrhea (PD), requiring tailored physiotherapeutic and exercise interventions. Objective: To analyze the influence of MC phases on sensory electrical threshold (SET) and pain electrical threshold (PET) in eumenorrheic women with and without PD, considering the potential implications for physical activity and rehabilitation. Methods: An observational longitudinal study was conducted with 34 physically active women, divided into a control group (CG) and a PD group. SET and PET were measured using transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) at the forearm (peripheral site) and lower abdomen (pain-referred site) across five MC phases. Pain intensity was assessed using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Results: SET and PET were significantly lower in the premenstrual phase (p < 0.001), suggesting increased pain sensitivity. VAS scores were higher in the PD group during all phases, except for the follicular phase (p < 0.033), with the highest pain levels recorded in the menstrual and premenstrual phases. While no significant differences in SET and PET were found between groups across most phases, the PD group exhibited a significantly higher SET in the forearm during the premenstrual phase (p = 0.005), potentially indicating altered central pain modulation. Conclusions: MC-related hormonal fluctuations affect pain sensitivity, particularly in women with PD. These findings underscore the need for phase-specific exercise adaptations and rehabilitation strategies to improve performance, pain management, and recovery in physically active women. info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess by https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Ríos-Asín, Izarbe Universidad de Zaragoza Pardos-Aguilella, Pilar Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0001-7732-3914 Pérez-Rey, Jorge Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0001-5842-6010 Estébanez-de-Miguel, Elena Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0002-5161-7479 Malo-Urriés, Miguel Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0001-9080-0543 1003 027 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Anatom.Histolog.Humanas Area Anatom.Embriol.Humana 1006 413 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Fisiatría y Enfermería Área Fisioterapia 13, 11 (2025), 1240 [14 pp.] Healthcare (Basel) Healthcare (Switzerland) 2227-9032 517323 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/161704/files/texto_completo.pdf Versión publicada 2657211 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/161704/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon icon Versión publicada oai:zaguan.unizar.es:161704 articulos driver 2025-10-17-14:15:21 ARTICLE