000162640 001__ 162640
000162640 005__ 20251017144634.0
000162640 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.3389/fnins.2022.1082811
000162640 0248_ $$2sideral$$a131363
000162640 037__ $$aART-2022-131363
000162640 041__ $$aeng
000162640 100__ $$aLlana, Tania
000162640 245__ $$aAnosmia in COVID-19 could be associated with long-term deficits in the consolidation of procedural and verbal declarative memories
000162640 260__ $$c2022
000162640 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted
000162640 5203_ $$aBackground and purposeLong-COVID describes the long-term effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In long-COVID patients, neuropsychological alterations are frequently reported symptoms. Research points to medial temporal lobe dysfunction and its association with anosmia in long-COVID patients. This study aims to investigate the acquisition and consolidation of declarative and procedural memory in long-COVID patients and to explore whether anosmia is related to these dissociated memory functions.MethodsForty-two long-COVID participants and 30 controls (C) were recruited. The sample of long-COVID patients was divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of anosmia, group A and group NA, respectively. Objective performance in verbal declarative memory (Paired-Associate Learning, PAL), procedural memory (Mirror Tracing Test, MTT), general cognitive function (Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale), psychomotor speed, and incidental learning (Digit Symbol Substitution Test) were assessed and compared among the A, NA, and C groups. Long-term retention of PAL and MTT were assessed 24 h after acquisition.ResultsLower scores in general cognition, psychomotor speed, and sustained attention were found in A and NA compared with C. However, incidental learning, both cue-guided and free-recalled, was diminished in group A compared with C, with no differences with group NA. General cognition and incidental learning were related to declarative memory function exclusively in long-COVID groups. Long-COVID groups presented lower long-term retention of verbal declarative memory than controls in recall tests but no differences in recognition tests. No group differences were found in the acquisition of procedural memory. However, long-term retention of this memory was worse in group A as compared to the NA and C groups, respectively, when errors and time of execution were considered.ConclusionFindings support that consolidation of both procedural and declarative memories is more affected than the acquisition of these memories in long-COVID patients, who are also more vulnerable to deficits in delayed recall than in recognition of declarative memories. Deficits in the consolidation of procedural memory and immediate recall of declarative information are especially relevant in long-COVID participants with anosmia. This indicates that anosmia in COVID-19 could be associated with a long-term dysfunction of the limbic system.
000162640 536__ $$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/DGA-FEDER/S31-20D
000162640 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess$$aby$$uhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es
000162640 590__ $$a4.3$$b2022
000162640 591__ $$aNEUROSCIENCES$$b94 / 272 = 0.346$$c2022$$dQ2$$eT2
000162640 592__ $$a1.161$$b2022
000162640 593__ $$aNeuroscience (miscellaneous)$$c2022$$dQ2
000162640 594__ $$a6.8$$b2022
000162640 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
000162640 700__ $$aMendez, Marta
000162640 700__ $$aZorzo, Candela
000162640 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-4732-6417$$aFidalgo, Camino$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza
000162640 700__ $$aJuan, M.-Carmen
000162640 700__ $$aMendez-Lopez, Magdalena
000162640 7102_ $$14009$$2735$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Psicología y Sociología$$cÁrea Psicolog.Evolut.Educac
000162640 773__ $$g16, 1082811 (2022)$$pFront. neurosci.$$tFrontiers in neuroscience$$x1662-4548
000162640 8564_ $$s3829210$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/162640/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yVersión publicada
000162640 8564_ $$s2213216$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/162640/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yVersión publicada
000162640 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:162640$$particulos$$pdriver
000162640 951__ $$a2025-10-17-14:28:08
000162640 980__ $$aARTICLE