000162713 001__ 162713 000162713 005__ 20251017144602.0 000162713 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1016/j.measurement.2025.118698 000162713 0248_ $$2sideral$$a145301 000162713 037__ $$aART-2026-145301 000162713 041__ $$aeng 000162713 100__ $$aJaszczak-Kuligowska, Malwina 000162713 245__ $$aThermochromic textile sensors for temperature measurements 000162713 260__ $$c2026 000162713 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted 000162713 5203_ $$aThis study presents woollen textiles printed with thermochromic pigments by the screen-printing method for use as new sensors for temperature measurements. The sensors demonstrate reversible colour changes due to temperature variations, which were measured using reflectance spectrophotometry. The beginning of thermal activation of the pigment is registered below 23 °C, the main action takes place in the range of 30–45 °C, and its complete discolouration occurs at 50 °C. The uniformity of the print and pigment distribution on the fabric surface was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, a comprehensive chemical analysis of the commercially available thermochromic pigment was performed using elemental analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Based on this research, it was determined that the pigment has a spirobenzoxadiazine core structure with amide and imine functional groups. The paper also discusses potential applications of the developed sensors, highlighting their promise as temperature sensors, as well as security, marking, and decorative elements, usable independently or as a part of a composite. Additionally, their potential for two-dimensional temperature distribution measurements was indicated. 000162713 536__ $$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/101079009/EU/SUSTainable industrial DESIGN of TEXtile structures for composites/SustDesignTex$$9This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No H2020 101079009-SustDesignTex 000162713 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess$$aby$$uhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es 000162713 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion 000162713 700__ $$aSasiadek-Andrzejczak, Elzbieta 000162713 700__ $$aSafandowska, Marta 000162713 700__ $$aKozicki, Marek 000162713 700__ $$aMadiedo, Laura Florentino$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000162713 700__ $$aBarburski, Marcin 000162713 700__ $$aRanz, David 000162713 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-4758-9380$$aMallada, Reyes$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000162713 7102_ $$15005$$2555$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Ing.Quím.Tecnol.Med.Amb.$$cÁrea Ingeniería Química 000162713 773__ $$g257 (2026), 118698 [16 pp.]$$pMeasurement$$tMEASUREMENT$$x0263-2241 000162713 8564_ $$s18227456$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/162713/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yVersión publicada 000162713 8564_ $$s2537826$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/162713/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yVersión publicada 000162713 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:162713$$particulos$$pdriver 000162713 951__ $$a2025-10-17-14:14:24 000162713 980__ $$aARTICLE