162713 20251017144602.0 doi 10.1016/j.measurement.2025.118698 sideral 145301 ART-2026-145301 eng Jaszczak-Kuligowska, Malwina Thermochromic textile sensors for temperature measurements 2026 Access copy available to the general public Unrestricted This study presents woollen textiles printed with thermochromic pigments by the screen-printing method for use as new sensors for temperature measurements. The sensors demonstrate reversible colour changes due to temperature variations, which were measured using reflectance spectrophotometry. The beginning of thermal activation of the pigment is registered below 23 °C, the main action takes place in the range of 30–45 °C, and its complete discolouration occurs at 50 °C. The uniformity of the print and pigment distribution on the fabric surface was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, a comprehensive chemical analysis of the commercially available thermochromic pigment was performed using elemental analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Based on this research, it was determined that the pigment has a spirobenzoxadiazine core structure with amide and imine functional groups. The paper also discusses potential applications of the developed sensors, highlighting their promise as temperature sensors, as well as security, marking, and decorative elements, usable independently or as a part of a composite. Additionally, their potential for two-dimensional temperature distribution measurements was indicated. info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/101079009/EU/SUSTainable industrial DESIGN of TEXtile structures for composites/SustDesignTex This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No H2020 101079009-SustDesignTex info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess by https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Sasiadek-Andrzejczak, Elzbieta Safandowska, Marta Kozicki, Marek Madiedo, Laura Florentino Universidad de Zaragoza Barburski, Marcin Ranz, David Mallada, Reyes Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0002-4758-9380 5005 555 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Ing.Quím.Tecnol.Med.Amb. Área Ingeniería Química 257 (2026), 118698 [16 pp.] Measurement MEASUREMENT 0263-2241 18227456 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/162713/files/texto_completo.pdf Versión publicada 2537826 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/162713/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon icon Versión publicada oai:zaguan.unizar.es:162713 articulos driver 2025-10-17-14:14:24 ARTICLE