000162772 001__ 162772
000162772 005__ 20251017144628.0
000162772 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.3390/ma18143340
000162772 0248_ $$2sideral$$a145326
000162772 037__ $$aART-2025-145326
000162772 041__ $$aeng
000162772 100__ $$aPollet, Linde
000162772 245__ $$aNovel Methodology to Assess Salt Movement Between Mortar and Stones from Heritage in Spain
000162772 260__ $$c2025
000162772 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted
000162772 5203_ $$aThe development of sustainable cementitious materials is crucial to reduce the environmental footprint of the construction industry. Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) have emerged as promising environmentally friendly alternatives; however, their compatibility with natural stone in heritage structures remains poorly understood, especially regarding salt migration and related damage to stones. This study presents a novel methodology for assessing salt movement in solid materials between two types of stones—Boñar and Silos—and two types of binders: blended Portland cement (BPC) and an AAM. The samples underwent capillarity and immersion tests to evaluate water absorption, salt transport, and efflorescence behavior. The capillarity of the Silos stone was 0.148 kg·m−2·t−0.5, whereas this was 0.0166 kg·m−2·t−0.5 for the Boñar stone, a ninefold difference. Conductivity mapping and XRD analysis revealed that AAM-based mortars exhibit a significantly higher release of salts, primarily sodium sulfate, which may pose a risk to adjacent porous stones. In contrast, BPC showed lower salt mobility and different salt compositions. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating the compatibility between alternative binders and heritage stones. The use of AAMs may pose significant risks due to their tendency to release soluble salts. Although, in the current experiments, no pore damage or mechanical degradation was observed, additional studies are required to confirm this. A thorough understanding of salt transport mechanisms is therefore essential to ensure that sustainable restoration materials do not inadvertently accelerate the deterioration of structures, a process more problematic when the deterioration affects heritage monuments.
000162772 536__ $$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/DGA/T03-23R$$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MICINN/PID2023-147116OB-I00
000162772 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess$$aby$$uhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es
000162772 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
000162772 700__ $$aAntolín-Rodríguez, Andrea
000162772 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-3276-5871$$aGisbert-Aguilar, Josep$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza
000162772 700__ $$aBúrdalo-Salcedo, Gabriel
000162772 700__ $$aJuan-Valdés, Andrés
000162772 700__ $$aGarcía-Álvarez, César
000162772 700__ $$aRaga-Martín, Angel
000162772 700__ $$aSchroeyers, Wouter
000162772 700__ $$aCalvo, Víctor
000162772 700__ $$aFernández-Raga, María
000162772 7102_ $$12000$$2685$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Ciencias de la Tierra$$cÁrea Petrología y Geoquímica
000162772 773__ $$g18, 14 (2025), 3340 [18 pp.]$$pMaterials (Basel)$$tMaterials$$x1996-1944
000162772 8564_ $$s3446158$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/162772/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yVersión publicada
000162772 8564_ $$s2495297$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/162772/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yVersión publicada
000162772 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:162772$$particulos$$pdriver
000162772 951__ $$a2025-10-17-14:25:17
000162772 980__ $$aARTICLE