000162918 001__ 162918 000162918 005__ 20251017144620.0 000162918 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1038/s41551-025-01445-1 000162918 0248_ $$2sideral$$a144705 000162918 037__ $$aART-2025-144705 000162918 041__ $$aeng 000162918 100__ $$0(orcid)0000-0001-8439-151X$$aIbáñez, Jaime$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000162918 245__ $$aPeripheral neural interfaces for reading high-frequency brain signals 000162918 260__ $$c2025 000162918 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted 000162918 5203_ $$aAccurate and robust recording and decoding from the central nervous system (CNS) is essential for advances in human–machine interfacing. Technologies for direct measurements of CNS activity are limited by their resolution, sensitivity to interference and invasiveness. Motor neurons (MNs) represent the motor output layer of the CNS, receiving and sampling signals from different regions in the nervous system and generating the neural commands that control muscles. Muscle recordings and deep learning decode the spiking activity of spinal MNs in real time and with high accuracy. The input signals to MNs can be estimated from MN outputs. Here we argue that peripheral neural interfaces using muscle sensors represent a promising, non-invasive approach to estimate some of the neural activity from the CNS that reaches the MNs but does not directly modulate force production. We discuss the evidence supporting this concept and the advances needed to consolidate and test MN-based CNS interfaces in controlled and real-world settings. 000162918 536__ $$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/HORIZON EUROPE/101077693/EU/Extracting the Human Motor Null Space from Muscles - A new framework to measure human neural activity/ECHOES$$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/810346/EU/Natural Integration of Bionic Limbs via Spinal Interfacing/Natural BionicS$$9This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No H2020 810346-Natural BionicS$$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/899626/EU/NIMA: Non-invasive Interface for Movement Augmentation/NIMA$$9This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No H2020 899626-NIMA$$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MICINN/PID2022-138585OA-C32 000162918 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccess$$aAll rights reserved$$uhttp://www.europeana.eu/rights/rr-f/ 000162918 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion 000162918 700__ $$aZicher, Blanka 000162918 700__ $$aBurdet, Etienne 000162918 700__ $$aBaker, Stuart N. 000162918 700__ $$aMehring, Carsten 000162918 700__ $$aFarina, Dario 000162918 7102_ $$15008$$2800$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Ingeniería Electrón.Com.$$cÁrea Teoría Señal y Comunicac. 000162918 773__ $$pNature Biomedical Engineering$$tNature Biomedical Engineering$$x2157-846X 000162918 8564_ $$s3434057$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/162918/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yPostprint$$zinfo:eu-repo/date/embargoEnd/2025-12-27 000162918 8564_ $$s1859773$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/162918/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yPostprint$$zinfo:eu-repo/date/embargoEnd/2025-12-27 000162918 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:162918$$particulos$$pdriver 000162918 951__ $$a2025-10-17-14:21:28 000162918 980__ $$aARTICLE