165113 20251212165958.0 doi 10.1109/TIM.2025.3604971 sideral 146608 ART-2025-146608 eng Andrés, Salvador (orcid)0000-0001-5115-469X FMCW Radar for 3-D Tracking Based on MLBI Interferometer and MDS Estimation 2025 This article presents the implementation of a C-band frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar system, utilizing software-defined radio (SDR) hardware and integrated with a five-element multilong-baseline interferometer (MLBI) receiver, for the detection and 3-D tracking of passive moving targets. A key aspect is the generation of a low jitter, high signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SINAD) signal, which significantly enhances the radar’s performance for angle of arrival (AoA) detection and micro-Doppler signature (MDS) estimation. The high signal quality achieved enables the detection and 3-D tracking of low radar cross-sectional (RCS) targets, such as small drones, at distances up to 800 m without requiring high radar power. In addition, this work demonstrates the effectiveness of a simple phase line assignment algorithm to mitigate errors in the AoA measurement of passive moving targets even when the MLBI geometry deviates from its optimal configuration. The performance of the radar system was evaluated in an open-field test using a DJI Mavic 3, and the results highlight the significant potential of this radar concept for medium-cost 3-D tracking and MDS identification applications. Access copy available to the general public Unrestricted info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess by https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Heras, Carlos Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0001-5608-8679 Ocabo, Andrés Lanzuela, Jorge Martínez, Rubén Villafranca, Asier Salinas, Iñigo Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0002-6144-7928 Alonso, Rafael Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0003-0775-4641 2002 385 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Física Aplicada Área Física Aplicada 5008 800 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Ingeniería Electrón.Com. Área Teoría Señal y Comunicac. 74 (2025), e8512907 [7 pp.] IEEE trans. instrum. meas. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 0018-9456 2407430 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/165113/files/texto_completo.pdf Versión publicada 3525542 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/165113/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon icon Versión publicada oai:zaguan.unizar.es:165113 articulos driver 2025-12-12-14:42:55 ARTICLE