000165336 001__ 165336
000165336 005__ 20260107201858.0
000165336 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1016/j.humov.2025.103448
000165336 0248_ $$2sideral$$a146977
000165336 037__ $$aART-2026-146977
000165336 041__ $$aeng
000165336 100__ $$aGuiseris-Santaflorentina, Alejandro
000165336 245__ $$aWearable eye-tracking of visuomotor strategies in table tennis players of diverse expertise and cognitive function in a naturalistic environment
000165336 260__ $$c2026
000165336 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted
000165336 5203_ $$aUnderstanding how gaze behaviour and visuomotor control vary across populations is crucial for optimizing performance and training in fast-paced sports. However, studies involving athletes with cognitive disabilities remain limited, particularly in naturalistic environments. This study employed wearable eye-tracking technology to examine gaze behaviour and oculomotor control in table tennis players of differing skill levels and cognitive profiles. Forty-six participants were grouped as Professional athletes, Amateur players, individuals with Down syndrome (DS), or intellectual disabilities (ID). All completed table tennis-specific tasks in naturalistic environment training conditions while wearing a head-mounted eye-tracker. Oculomotor metrics, including fixation frequency and duration, saccade frequency and velocity, and pupil diameter, were analysed. Fixation duration did not differ across groups (≈272–301 ms; p = 0.984, η2 = −0.032), whereas fixation frequency varied: ID participants (80.67 ± 6.81 %) and Amateurs (78.98 ± 5.22 %) showed higher and more consistent rates, DS participants were lower and more variable (74.56 ± 17.37 %), and Professionals maintained moderately lower but strategically balanced frequency (77.78 ± 12.64 %). Although saccade metrics were not statistically significant, trends suggested more controlled patterns in Professionals (right eye (RE) length: 1414.63 ± 720.47 mm; longitudinal velocity: 13,888.52 ± 4242.25 mm/s) and higher variability in DS participants (RE length: 2254.03 ± 3215.55 mm; longitudinal velocity: 16,274.78 ± 6,837.21 mm/s). Pupil diameter was significantly larger in Professionals (RE: 5.26 ± 0.79 mm; left eye (LE): 5.40 ± 0.81 mm; p < 0.001), indicating higher visual engagement and cognitive arousal. Binocular vergence metrics remained stable across groups, and gaze heat maps revealed more focused visual strategies in Professionals, while participants with DS and ID exhibited dispersed, less task-relevant fixations. These findings indicate that the accuracy of eye movements, rather than their duration, serves as a sensitive indicator of visuomotor expertise. In conclusion, wearable eye-tracking in naturalistic sport environment offers valuable insights into visual strategies across diverse populations and supports the development of tailored visual training programs, particularly for athletes with cognitive disabilities.
000165336 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess$$aby-nc-nd$$uhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.es
000165336 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
000165336 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-5621-1937$$aSanchez-Cano, Ana$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza
000165336 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0003-2710-1875$$aOrduna-Hospital, Elvira$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza
000165336 7102_ $$12002$$2647$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Física Aplicada$$cÁrea Óptica
000165336 773__ $$g105 (2026), 103448 [18 pp.]$$pHum. mov. sci.$$tHUMAN MOVEMENT SCIENCE$$x0167-9457
000165336 8564_ $$s6342421$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/165336/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yVersión publicada
000165336 8564_ $$s1839845$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/165336/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yVersión publicada
000165336 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:165336$$particulos$$pdriver
000165336 951__ $$a2026-01-07-18:52:38
000165336 980__ $$aARTICLE