165431 20260108143204.0 doi 10.1590/S0212-16112011000800004 sideral 118428 ART-2011-118428 eng Bonet Saris, A. Guidelines for specialized nutritional and metabolic support in the critically- ill patient. Update. Consensus SEMICYUC-SENPE: Macronutrient and micronutrient requirements. 2011 Energy requirements are altered in critically-ill patients and are influenced by the clinical situation, treatment, and phase of the process. Therefore, the most appropriate method to calculate calorie intake is indirect calorimetry. In the absence of this technique, fixed calorie intake (between 25 and 35 kcal/kg/day) or predictive equations such as the Penn State formula can be used to obtain a more accurate evaluation of metabolic rate. Carbohydrate administration should be limited to a maximum of 4 g/kg/day and a minimum of 2 g/kg/day. Plasma glycemia should be controlled to avoid hyperglycemia. Fat intake should be between 1 and 1.5 g/kg/day. The recommended protein intake is 1-1.5 g/kg/day but can vary according to the patient's clinical status. Particular attention should be paid to micronutrient intake. Consensus is lacking on micronutrient requirements. Some vitamins (A, B, C, E) are highly important in critically-ill patients, especially those undergoing continuous renal replacement techniques, patients with severe burns and alcoholics, although the specific requirements in each of these types of patient have not yet been established. Energy and protein intake in critically-ill patients is complex, since both clinical factors and the stage of the process must be taken into account. The first step is to calculate each patient's energy requirements and then proceed to distribute calorie intake among its three components: proteins, carbohydrates and fat. Micronutrient requirements must also be considered. Access copy available to the general public Unrestricted info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess by-nc-sa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.es 1.12 2011 NUTRITION & DIETETICS 57 / 73 = 0.781 2011 Q4 T3 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Márquez Vácaro, JA. Serón Arbeloa, C. Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0002-8068-5016 1007 610 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Medicina, Psiqu. y Derm. Area Medicina 26, Supl 2 (2011), 16 - 20 Nutr. hosp. Nutricion Hospitalaria 0212-1611 397901 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/165431/files/texto_completo.pdf Versión publicada 2151497 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/165431/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon icon Versión publicada oai:zaguan.unizar.es:165431 articulos driver 2026-01-08-14:10:30 ARTICLE