000165942 001__ 165942 000165942 005__ 20260116002211.0 000165942 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1080/00036846.2025.2473112 000165942 0248_ $$2sideral$$a143439 000165942 037__ $$aART-2025-143439 000165942 041__ $$aeng 000165942 100__ $$aLópez-Vila, Eduardo Daniel$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000165942 245__ $$aCross-state disparities in pharmaceutical expenditure in the U.S. 000165942 260__ $$c2025 000165942 5203_ $$aThis paper studies the existence of pharmaceutical expenditure disparities among US states and the District of Columbia for a sample that covers 1991–2020 using State of Residence data. The results obtained reject the existence of a single pattern of behaviour in regional pharmaceutical expenditure across the US. Instead, we identify the existence of four convergence clubs. Mixed results were obtained when we disaggregated the data into public and non-public expenditure. We cannot reject the null hypothesis of convergence for public expenditure, but we can reject it for non-public expenditure. The use of a set of local and global statistics to test for spatial autocorrelation show that states with similar expenditures are spatially clustered for total and non-public pharmaceutical expenditures. An analysis of the factors driving the formation of convergence clubs shows a varied picture. For the total pharmaceutical expenditure per capita, we obtained that the unemployment rate, the percentage of females, and physical activity play an important role in explaining the convergence club creation. However, chronic conditions and race also play a crucial role in non-public expenditure. 000165942 536__ $$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MINECO/PID2020-114646RB-C44$$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MINECO/PID2023-150095NB-C44 000165942 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess$$aAll rights reserved$$uhttp://www.europeana.eu/rights/rr-f/ 000165942 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion 000165942 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-5872-631X$$aMontañés, Antonio$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000165942 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0001-6811-1020$$aSimón-Fernández, María Blanca$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000165942 7102_ $$14014$$2225$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Economía Aplicada$$cÁrea Economía Aplicada 000165942 7102_ $$14000$$2415$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Análisis Económico$$cÁrea Fund. Análisis Económico 000165942 773__ $$g(2025), [18 pp.]$$pAppl. econ.$$tApplied Economics$$x0003-6846 000165942 8564_ $$s2033013$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/165942/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yVersión publicada 000165942 8564_ $$s864421$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/165942/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yVersión publicada 000165942 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:165942$$particulos$$pdriver 000165942 951__ $$a2026-01-15-21:57:01 000165942 980__ $$aARTICLE