165970 20260116163025.0 doi 10.1016/j.stueduc.2020.100867 sideral 117158 ART-2020-117158 eng Giménez, Gregorio Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0003-3702-4017 Exposure to crime and academic achievement: A case study for Costa Rica using PISA data 2020 We analyse the effect of violent crime on students'' results in Costa Rica. The combination of PISA data and highly disaggregated information on crime at the district level is a main contribution of this article. Our methodological approach provides also some novelties in the field, the most important being the use of a simultaneous equations model solved with instrumental variables. This allows us to obtain unbiased and efficient estimators in the presence of simultaneity between education and crime. We conclude that exposure to crime, measured by the homicide rate, has a negative and significant impact on academic achievement. This effect is particularly important in the case of students attending schools situated in districts with a lower social development. info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/AEI/EDU2016-76414-R info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess All rights reserved http://www.europeana.eu/rights/rr-f/ 1.953 2020 PSYCHOLOGY, EDUCATIONAL 41 / 59 = 0.695 2020 Q3 T3 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH 166 / 264 = 0.629 2020 Q3 T2 0.89 2020 Education 2020 Q1 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Barrado, Beatriz (orcid)0000-0003-2033-801X 4008 225 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Estruc.Hª Econ.y Eco.Pb. Área Economía Aplicada 65 (2020), 100867 [14 pp.] Stud. educ. eval. Studies in Educational Evaluation 0191-491X 1580470 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/165970/files/texto_completo.pdf Versión publicada 2719718 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/165970/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon icon Versión publicada oai:zaguan.unizar.es:165970 articulos driver 2026-01-16-14:53:55 ARTICLE