000167869 001__ 167869
000167869 005__ 20260121151420.0
000167869 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.3389/fphys.2025.1709093
000167869 0248_ $$2sideral$$a147554
000167869 037__ $$aART-2025-147554
000167869 041__ $$aeng
000167869 100__ $$aSchobersberger, Wolfgang
000167869 245__ $$aThermoregulatory responses in elite cross-country skiers during international competitions and training
000167869 260__ $$c2025
000167869 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted
000167869 5203_ $$aBackground. The aim of this study was to describe the thermoregulatory responses of elite athletes during competitions and training of the international cross-country skiing FIS Scandinavian Cup in Finland, held under cold (subzero) ambient conditions. Methods The core and skin temperatures were continuously recorded during two competition formats—a 10-km race (n = 18; 10 m, 8 f) and a 20-km race (n = 14; 9 m, 5 f)—and during training (n = 11; 7 m, 4 f) using electronic temperature pills and temperature sensors fixed on the chest, arm, hand, and thigh, respectively. The heart rate and skiing speed were continuously recorded using heart rate monitors with integrated GPS technology. Ambient temperatures during the measuring period ranged from −13.0 °C to −1.3 °C. Results The mean core temperature (Tcore) increased significantly during the 10-km classic (39.0 °C ± 0.4 °C) and the 20-km freestyle (39.2 °C ± 0.7 °C) races (all p < 0.001) and during trainings (38.3 °C ± 0.5 °C). In contrast, skin temperature decreased in all four body parts (all p < 0.001), with the greatest decreases measured on the thigh [18.7 °C ± 4.1 °C (10-km race), 20.7 °C ± 4.6 °C (20-km race), and 18.5 °C ± 3.2 °C (training)]. During both races, the heart rate significantly increased over time while the racing speed decreased (p < 0.001, respectively). The mean skin temperature of the thigh correlated with skiing speed in the 10-km (r = 0.573, p = 0.041) and the 20-km (r = 0.682, p = 0.021) races. Conclusion: In summary, despite low ambient temperatures under real competition and training conditions, the athletes exhibited high heat generation, which enabled them to maintain a high core temperature. In contrast, the skin temperature dropped sharply during competitions and trainings. The association between the low mean skin temperature and the lower racing speed should be investigated further.
000167869 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess$$aby$$uhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es
000167869 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
000167869 700__ $$aValtonen, Maarit
000167869 700__ $$aKöck, Anika
000167869 700__ $$aRacinais, Sebastien
000167869 700__ $$aPitsiladis, Yannis
000167869 700__ $$aVerdoukas, Panagiotis
000167869 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-9191-9033$$aMuñiz-Pardos, Borja$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza
000167869 700__ $$aMäki-Heikkilä, Rikhard
000167869 700__ $$aIhalainen, Johanna K.
000167869 700__ $$aGagnon, Dominique
000167869 700__ $$aDünnwald, Tobias
000167869 7102_ $$11006$$2245$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Fisiatría y Enfermería$$cÁrea Educación Física y Depor.
000167869 773__ $$g16 (2025), [12 pp.]$$pFront. physiol.$$tFrontiers in physiology$$x1664-042X
000167869 8564_ $$s424721$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/167869/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yVersión publicada
000167869 8564_ $$s2398165$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/167869/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yVersión publicada
000167869 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:167869$$particulos$$pdriver
000167869 951__ $$a2026-01-21-14:55:18
000167869 980__ $$aARTICLE