000168651 001__ 168651
000168651 005__ 20260212205631.0
000168651 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1002/cplu.202500369
000168651 0248_ $$2sideral$$a148042
000168651 037__ $$aART-2026-148042
000168651 041__ $$aeng
000168651 100__ $$aNunes, Margarida
000168651 245__ $$aFrom Ink to Mockup: An Integrated Study of Historical Gall Ink Formulations and Their Impact on Paper
000168651 260__ $$c2026
000168651 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted
000168651 5203_ $$aIron gall inks (IGIs) played a central role as a writing medium in Western countries, leaving behind a vast legacy and significant conservation challenges. This study presents a twofold methodological approach to investigate the physicochemical behaviour of IGI‐based formulations found in historical Portuguese sources. Fresh and 6‐month naturally aged precipitates and supernatant solutions (dried inks) were characterised, and the impact of IGIs on Whatman paper over ageing was studied using attenuated total reflectance Fourier‐transform infrared (ATR‐FT‐IR) spectroscopy, Raman and Mössbauer spectroscopies and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Iron(II) sulphates comprised the primary crystalline phase in the precipitates, while the dried inks consisted of distinct Fe(III)‐polyphenol (PPh) complexes. Over time, Fe(III) Mössbauer parameters supported complex structural alterations. IGI‐induced degradation on aged mockups was attested by Fe(II) oxalate formation until total depletion of the Fe(III)‐PPh fraction. pH, ATR‐FT‐IR and degree of polymerisation analyses suggested that cellulose oxidation is the primary degradation mechanism, and the physical properties and XRD corroborated that the cellulose structure became disordered over ageing. The ink with the higher weight ratio of Fe(II) sulphate:gallnuts (unbalanced) exhibited the most aggressive action on the support. The results confirm that the more unbalanced the ink composition, the more severe its impact, with ink concentration per surface area also being a critical factor in paper decay.
000168651 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess$$aby-nc-nd$$uhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.es
000168651 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
000168651 700__ $$aVieira, Joana Costa
000168651 700__ $$aCosta, Ana Paula
000168651 700__ $$aCabral, Maria Emília Amaral
000168651 700__ $$aVieira, Bruno J. C.
000168651 700__ $$aWaerenborgh, João Carlos
000168651 700__ $$aNogueira, Helena I. S.
000168651 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0003-4848-414X$$aMitchell, Scott G.
000168651 700__ $$aClaro, Ana
000168651 700__ $$aFerreira, Teresa
000168651 773__ $$g91, 2 (2026), e202500369 [18 pp.]$$pChemPlusChem$$tChemPlusChem$$x2192-6506
000168651 8564_ $$s1952250$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/168651/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yVersión publicada
000168651 8564_ $$s2512537$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/168651/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yVersión publicada
000168651 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:168651$$particulos$$pdriver
000168651 951__ $$a2026-02-12-20:38:46
000168651 980__ $$aARTICLE