169140 20260220162133.0 doi 10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120785 sideral 148230 ART-2026-148230 eng Remón, Diego Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0009-0007-0537-6217 A smart container for real-time load occupancy estimation using embedded neural inference 2026 The increasing demand for sustainable urban delivery solutions has driven the adoption of cargo bikes due to their environmental benefits and adaptability to congested urban environments. These operations benefit from monitoring systems capable of estimating load occupancy (volume) to support logistical decision-making. This study presents a smart-container approach for real-time occupancy estimation using two Time-of-Flight (TOF) sensors and a compact neural model deployed on an ESP32-S3 microcontroller. TOF sensors generate distance matrices of the internal cargo space, which are processed to estimate occupied volume via the normalized FreeSpace target. In two inference stress tests, the system achieves 2 = 0.929 and 0.923, with mean absolute error (MAE) = 0.044 on the normalized FreeSpace scale (0–1), equivalent to 8.1 dm3 (4.4% of container capacity). The results support the feasibility of low-cost embedded inference for operational capacity checks in cargo-bike logistics. Access copy available to the general public Unrestricted info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/AEI/PID2020-116011RB-C22 info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/DGA/T27-23R info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess by-nc https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.es info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Gascón, Alberto Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0003-2935-1819 Marco, Álvaro Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0002-7396-7840 Blanco, Teresa Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0002-1831-3342 Casas, Roberto Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0001-5316-8171 5008 785 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Ingeniería Electrón.Com. Área Tecnología Electrónica 5002 305 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Ingeniería Diseño Fabri. Área Expresión Gráfica en Ing. 5007 570 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Informát.Ingenie.Sistms. Área Lenguajes y Sistemas Inf. 269 (2026), 120785 [22 pp.] Measurement MEASUREMENT 0263-2241 A smart container for real-time load occupancy estimation using embedded neural inference (dataset) https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1 8614817 4765759 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/169140/files/texto_completo.pdf Versión publicada 2830307 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/169140/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon icon Versión publicada oai:zaguan.unizar.es:169140 articulos driver 2026-02-20-14:53:42 ARTICLE