000170050 001__ 170050
000170050 005__ 20260316092630.0
000170050 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.3390/app16042149
000170050 0248_ $$2sideral$$a148554
000170050 037__ $$aART-2026-148554
000170050 041__ $$aeng
000170050 100__ $$aGil Gallego, Ángel
000170050 245__ $$aQuantifying hidden carbon emissions induced from curbside capacity loss in urban freight operations
000170050 260__ $$c2026
000170050 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted
000170050 5203_ $$aUrban curbside loading and unloading zones are increasingly affected by competing non-logistics uses, such as outdoor terraces or resident parking, leading to reductions in effective curbside length. These design decisions can significantly alter service capacity and generate environmental externalities in urban freight operations that are rarely quantified. This study introduces the Factor of Occupancy (Fo) as a space–time design indicator for curbside unloading zones, defined as the product of effective curbside length and the maximum authorised dwell time. Using direct observational data from an urban block in Zaragoza (Spain), the analysis focuses on a loading and unloading zone whose effective length was reduced by approximately 6 m due to the installation of a restaurant terrace. Two curbside configurations are compared: a reduced configuration (8 m) and a restored configuration (14 m), keeping demand and temporal constraints constant. Fo is integrated into a loss-based queueing model (M/M/1/1) to estimate blocking probabilities and the number of served and rejected freight operations. To capture the environmental implications of curbside capacity loss, the paper proposes the Hidden Carbon Emissions (HCE) indicator, which quantifies the additional CO2 emissions generated by rejected vehicles through block recirculation and idling during illegal occupancy, based on observed behaviour and publicly available emission factors. The results show that restoring curbside length substantially increases effective service capacity and reduces rejected vehicles, leading to a marked decrease in hidden CO2 emissions per operation. The findings highlight that minor curbside design decisions can produce measurable impacts on both urban freight efficiency and environmental performance.
000170050 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess$$aby$$uhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es
000170050 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
000170050 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0003-1401-6495$$aLambán, María Pilar$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza
000170050 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-0692-5982$$aRoyo Sánchez, Jesús$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza
000170050 700__ $$aSánchez Catalán, Juan Carlos
000170050 700__ $$aMorella Avinzano, Paula
000170050 7102_ $$15002$$2515$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Ingeniería Diseño Fabri.$$cÁrea Ing. Procesos Fabricación
000170050 773__ $$g16, 4 (2026), 2149 [27 pp.]$$pAppl. sci.$$tApplied Sciences (Switzerland)$$x2076-3417
000170050 8564_ $$s2783132$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/170050/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yVersión publicada
000170050 8564_ $$s2437721$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/170050/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yVersión publicada
000170050 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:170050$$particulos$$pdriver
000170050 951__ $$a2026-03-16-08:17:37
000170050 980__ $$aARTICLE