000170272 001__ 170272 000170272 005__ 20260410165451.0 000170272 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101785 000170272 0248_ $$2sideral$$a148816 000170272 037__ $$aART-2026-148816 000170272 041__ $$aeng 000170272 100__ $$aGiovannucci, Monica 000170272 245__ $$aHybrid energy storage through the passive connection of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery and a supercapacitor: An experimental, modelling, economic and environmental impact assessment study 000170272 260__ $$c2026 000170272 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted 000170272 5203_ $$aDeveloping a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) involves integrating technologies with complementary attributes. Coupling Redox Flow Batteries (RFBs) with Supercapacitors (SCs) emerges as one of the most promising options. For the first time at our knowledge, here we report about a study on the passive HESS VRFB-SC configuration that was investigated through experimental tests, modelling, life cycle and economic assessments. Indeed, we present a laboratory-sized HESS comprising a Vanadium Redox Flow Cell (VRFC) and a SC, directly connected in parallel without any power converter. Initially, individual tests were conducted on the standalone VRFB and SC using short discharge protocols (5 s). Subsequently, the two systems were interconnected in parallel and subjected to the same discharge protocol. An equivalent electrical model, resembling a parallel R-C circuit, was developed to elucidate the discharge mechanism of the direct parallel system. The tests revealed that the SC mitigates the VRFB’s ohmic drop due to the transient behaviour of the R-C circuit. Furthermore, the hybrid system demonstrated enhanced energy delivery at higher currents compared to the standalone VRFB, a phenomenon elucidated by our proposed model. Additionally, the model facilitates the sizing of the SC relative to VRFB performance. In addition to technical findings, this article provides a comprehensive economic analysis and life cycle assessment (LCA) of the proposed system. These assessments highlight the potential cost-effectiveness and reduced global warming potential of the passively connected VRFB-SC HESS, underscoring its viability as a sustainable energy storage solution. 000170272 536__ $$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/963550/EU/ HyFlow: Development of a sustainable hybrid storage system based on high power vanadium redox flow battery and supercapacitor – technology/HyFlow$$9This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No H2020 963550-HyFlow 000170272 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess$$aby$$uhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es 000170272 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion 000170272 700__ $$aPetri, Elisabetta 000170272 700__ $$aBrilloni, Alessandro 000170272 700__ $$aHeigl, Eva-Maria 000170272 700__ $$aZauner, Andreas 000170272 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-4834-940X$$aOyarbide, Estanis$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000170272 700__ $$aCharvát, Jirí 000170272 700__ $$aSoavi, Francesca 000170272 7102_ $$15008$$2785$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Ingeniería Electrón.Com.$$cÁrea Tecnología Electrónica 000170272 773__ $$g30 (2026), 101785 [14 pp.]$$tEnergy Conversion and Management: X$$x2590-1745 000170272 8564_ $$s6473781$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/170272/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yVersión publicada 000170272 8564_ $$s2582481$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/170272/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yVersión publicada 000170272 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:170272$$particulos$$pdriver 000170272 951__ $$a2026-04-10-13:45:37 000170272 980__ $$aARTICLE