000170408 001__ 170408 000170408 005__ 20260420103355.0 000170408 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101396 000170408 0248_ $$2sideral$$a148874 000170408 037__ $$aART-2026-148874 000170408 041__ $$aeng 000170408 100__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-2126-2232$$aUruén, Cristina 000170408 245__ $$aEvidence of transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes from the porcine pathogen Streptococcus suis to human clinical isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae in a major pig-producing region of Spain 000170408 260__ $$c2026 000170408 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted 000170408 5203_ $$aThe emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat, with livestock antibiotic use proposed as a significant contributor. We investigated Streptococcus suis, a multidrug-resistant porcine pathogen, as a potential source of AMR gene dissemination to human-associated streptococci in Aragón, Spain. Among 91 porcine isolates recovered across Spain, erythromycin and tetracycline resistance was linked to erm(B) and tet(O) genes, frequently co-located on Tn5252-family integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) and integrative and mobilizable elements (IMEs). Tn5252-family ICEs shared 32–100% of their sequence and carried different AMR gene combinations. Screening of 2388 human clinical streptococcal isolates of different species obtained in Aragón revealed ∼20% erythromycin resistance, particularly S. pneumoniae and S. agalactiae. Analysis of erm(B)-tet(O) linkage in a set of erythromycin-resistant isolates and subsequent genome sequencing, revealed twelve isolates carrying Tn5252-family ICEs with both AMR genes. Eight S. agalactiae isolates harbored Tn5252-family ICEs with >95% nucleotide identity across >91% of their sequence compared with two different ICEs identified in S. suis isolates recovered in the same region and period. Conjugation assays confirmed ICE transfer from S. suis to S. agalactiae, S. pneumoniae, and S. pyogenes, while in vitro experiments demonstrated that recombination between ICEs promotes diversification of AMR gene cargo within ICEs. Our results identify S. suis as a reservoir and generator of ICEs carrying distinct AMR gene combinations that can be horizontally transferred to other human pathogenic streptococci, leading to multidrug resistance in a single step. These findings provide strong evidence supporting interspecies AMR dissemination in regions with intensive pig production and underscore the need for integrated One Health strategies combining veterinary and clinical genomic surveillance, and targeted interventions to limit the spread of mobile genetic elements across species. 000170408 536__ $$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/DGA/LMP58-21$$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MICINN AEI PID2020-114617RB-100$$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MICINN/PID2023-146823OB-I00 000170408 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess$$aby$$uhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es 000170408 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion 000170408 700__ $$aLavilla, María José 000170408 700__ $$aLibante, Virginie 000170408 700__ $$aMarín, Clara M. 000170408 700__ $$aRezusta, Antonio 000170408 700__ $$aPayot, Sophie 000170408 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-8134-0693$$aArenas, Jesús$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000170408 7102_ $$11009$$2773$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Patología Animal$$cÁrea Sanidad Animal 000170408 773__ $$g22 (2026), 101396 [13 pp.]$$tOne Health$$x2352-7714 000170408 8564_ $$s10399639$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/170408/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yVersión publicada 000170408 8564_ $$s2338993$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/170408/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yVersión publicada 000170408 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:170408$$particulos$$pdriver 000170408 951__ $$a2026-04-18-10:49:00 000170408 980__ $$aARTICLE