000171669 001__ 171669 000171669 005__ 20260527123127.0 000171669 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1016/j.impact.2026.100631 000171669 0248_ $$2sideral$$a149433 000171669 037__ $$aART-2026-149433 000171669 041__ $$aeng 000171669 100__ $$aPolanco-Garriz, Itziar 000171669 245__ $$aUsing simple to more robust in vitro methods based on human pulmonary models to evaluate the acute and subacute toxicity of micro- and nanoplastics derived from 3D printing materials 000171669 260__ $$c2026 000171669 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted 000171669 5203_ $$aMechanical recycling and other processes involved in the end-of-life treatment of 3D-printed plastic polymers can lead to the generation of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs). As the use of these materials continues to grow, the mechanical degradation of plastics from 3D printing may increase human exposure to MNPs, raising concerns about potential health risks for users and environmental impacts. One of the main routes of exposure to MNPs is via inhalation. For regulatory purposes, most of inhalation studies have been performed using rodents and following the OECD TG 412, however, these models do not accurately mimic the physiology of the human pulmonary system. As alternative, New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) based on human in vitro models have been used lately, providing simple and valuable, and physiologically relevant tools for research. In this work, simple in vitro models using Calu-3 and TK6 cells were exposed for 24 h (acute) and the advanced primary human epithelial MucilAir™ model was exposed for 24 h (acute) and 28 days (sub-acute, adapting the OECD TG 412) to MNPs made of polypropylene (PP), polycarbonate (PC), PP + silver nanoparticles (PP + Ag) and PC + single wall carbon nanotubes (PC + SWCNT). The results showed no significant toxicity of MNPs in acute exposures using the Calu-3 and TK6 models. In contrast, significant effects were observed along time after acute and subacute exposure of MucilAir™ to the different MNPs. These results indicate that robust in vitro models such as MucilAir™ may represent a valuable NAM for acute and sub-acute inhalation toxicity studies. 000171669 536__ $$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/HORIZON EUROPE/101137324/EU/Safe and sUstainable by desigN: integRated approaches for Impact aSsessment of advanced matErials/SUNRISE$$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/862419/EU/Simple, robust and cost-effective approaches to guide industry in the development of safer nanomaterials and nano-enabled products/SAbyNA$$9This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No H2020 862419-SAbyNA 000171669 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess$$aby-nc-nd$$uhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.es 000171669 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion 000171669 700__ $$aCarrillo-Romero, Juliana 000171669 700__ $$aVenäläinen, Mari 000171669 700__ $$aLyyränen, Jussi 000171669 700__ $$aPulli, Hanna 000171669 700__ $$aSuhonen, Satu 000171669 700__ $$aVermeulen, Jolanda 000171669 700__ $$aRuijter, Nienke 000171669 700__ $$aCandalija Iserte, Ana 000171669 700__ $$aSalmatonidis, Apostolos 000171669 700__ $$aCarriere, Marie 000171669 700__ $$aLofty, Morgan 000171669 700__ $$aBoyles, Matthew 000171669 700__ $$aLotti, Davide 000171669 700__ $$aGuzmán-Mínguez, Jesús C. 000171669 700__ $$aFernández, José F. 000171669 700__ $$aCassee, Flemming 000171669 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0003-2936-242X$$aCatalán, Julia$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000171669 700__ $$aRodríguez-Llopis, Isabel 000171669 700__ $$aVázquez-Campos, Socorro 000171669 700__ $$aGoñi de Cerio, Felipe 000171669 700__ $$aKatsumiti, Alberto 000171669 7102_ $$11001$$2420$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Anatom.,Embri.Genét.Ani.$$cÁrea Genética 000171669 773__ $$g42 (2026), 100631 [16 pp.]$$tNanoImpact$$x2452-0748 000171669 8564_ $$s4403620$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/171669/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yVersión publicada 000171669 8564_ $$s2125764$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/171669/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yVersión publicada 000171669 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:171669$$particulos$$pdriver 000171669 951__ $$a2026-05-27-11:26:12 000171669 980__ $$aARTICLE