000064370 001__ 64370 000064370 005__ 20190709135621.0 000064370 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1186/s13071-017-2424-x 000064370 0248_ $$2sideral$$a103576 000064370 037__ $$aART-2017-103576 000064370 041__ $$aeng 000064370 100__ $$aHornok, S. 000064370 245__ $$aContributions to the phylogeny of Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) canisuga, I. (Ph.) kaiseri, I. (Ph.) hexagonus and a simple pictorial key for the identification of their females 000064370 260__ $$c2017 000064370 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted 000064370 5203_ $$aBackground: In Europe, hard ticks of the subgenus Pholeoixodes (Ixodidae: Ixodes) are usually associated with burrow-dwelling mammals and terrestrial birds. Reports of Pholeoixodes spp. from carnivores are frequently contradictory, and their identification is not based on key diagnostic characters. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to identify ticks collected from dogs, foxes and badgers in several European countries, and to reassess their systematic status with molecular analyses using two mitochondrial markers. Results: Between 2003 and 2017, 144 Pholeoixodes spp. ticks were collected in nine European countries. From accurate descriptions and comparison with type-materials, a simple illustrated identification key was compiled for adult females, by focusing on the shape of the anterior surface of basis capituli. Based on this key, 71 female ticks were identified as I. canisuga, 21 as I. kaiseri and 21 as I. hexagonus. DNA was extracted from these 113 female ticks, and from further 31 specimens. Fragments of two mitochondrial genes, cox1 (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1) and 16S rRNA, were amplified and sequenced. Ixodes kaiseri had nine unique cox1 haplotypes, which showed 99.2-100% sequence identity, whereas I. canisuga and I. hexagonus had eleven and five cox1 haplotypes, respectively, with 99.5-100% sequence identity. The distribution of cox1 haplotypes reflected a geographical pattern. Pholeoixodes spp. ticks had fewer 16S rRNA haplotypes, with a lower degree of intraspecific divergence (99.5-100% sequence identity) and no geographical clustering. Phylogenetic analyses were in agreement with morphology: I. kaiseri and I. hexagonus (with the similar shape of the anterior surface of basis capituli) were genetically more closely related to each other than to I. canisuga. Phylogenetic analyses also showed that the subgenus Eschatocephalus (bat ticks) clustered within the subgenus Pholeoixodes. Conclusions: A simple, illustrated identification key is provided for female Pholeoixodes ticks of carnivores (including I. hexagonus and I. rugicollis) to prevent future misidentification of these species. It is also shown that I. kaiseri is more widespread in Europe than previously thought. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the subgenus Pholeoixodes is not monophyletic: either the subgenus Eschatocephalus should be included in Pholeoixodes, or the latter subgenus should be divided, which is a task for future studies. 000064370 536__ $$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EUR/COST/TD1303 000064370 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess$$aby$$uhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/ 000064370 590__ $$a3.163$$b2017 000064370 591__ $$aTROPICAL MEDICINE$$b2 / 20 = 0.1$$c2017$$dQ1$$eT1 000064370 591__ $$aPARASITOLOGY$$b6 / 37 = 0.162$$c2017$$dQ1$$eT1 000064370 592__ $$a1.702$$b2017 000064370 593__ $$aParasitology$$c2017$$dQ1 000064370 593__ $$aInfectious Diseases$$c2017$$dQ1 000064370 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion 000064370 700__ $$aSándor, A.D. 000064370 700__ $$aBeck, R. 000064370 700__ $$aFarkas, R. 000064370 700__ $$aBeati, L. 000064370 700__ $$aKontschán, J. 000064370 700__ $$aTakács, N. 000064370 700__ $$aFöldvári, G. 000064370 700__ $$aSilaghi, C. 000064370 700__ $$aMeyer-Kayser, E. 000064370 700__ $$aHodžic, A. 000064370 700__ $$aTomanovic, S. 000064370 700__ $$aAbdullah, S. 000064370 700__ $$aWall, R. 000064370 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0001-7483-046X$$aEstrada-Peña, A.$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000064370 700__ $$aDuscher, G.G. 000064370 700__ $$aPlantard, O. 000064370 7102_ $$11009$$2773$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Patología Animal$$cÁrea Sanidad Animal 000064370 773__ $$g10, 1 (2017), 545 [12 pp]$$pParasites & Vectors$$tParasites and Vectors$$x1756-3305 000064370 8564_ $$s3071108$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/64370/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yVersión publicada 000064370 8564_ $$s94806$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/64370/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yVersión publicada 000064370 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:64370$$particulos$$pdriver 000064370 951__ $$a2019-07-09-12:28:13 000064370 980__ $$aARTICLE