70218 20200117221640.0 doi 10.3390/su10030723 sideral 105472 ART-2018-105472 eng Palacios, J.L. Exergoecology assessment of mineral exports from Latin America: Beyond a tonnage perspective 2018 Access copy available to the general public Unrestricted Latin America has traditionally been a raw material supplier since colonial times. In this paper, we analyze mineral exports from an exergoecology perspective from twenty countries in Latin American (LA-20). We apply material flow analysis (MFA) principles along with the concept of the exergy replacement cost (ERC), which considers both quantity and thermodynamic quality of minerals, reflecting their scarcity in the crust. ERC determines the energy that would be required to recover minerals to their original conditions in the mines once they have been totally dispersed into the Earth''s crust, with prevailing technology. Using ERC has helped us identify the importance of certain traded minerals that could be overlooked in a traditional MFA based on a mass basis only. Our method has enabled us to determine mineral balance, both in mass (tonnes) and in ERC terms (Mtoe). Using indicators, both in mass and ERC, we have assessed the self-sufficiency and dependency of the region. We have also analyzed the mineral exports flows from Latin America for 2013. Results show that half of the mineral production from LA-20 was mainly exported. High-quality minerals, such as, gold, silver, and aluminum were largely exported to China and the United States. Extraction of high-quality minerals also implies higher losses of natural stock and environmental overburdens in the region. info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess by http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/ 2.592 2018 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 105 / 250 = 0.42 2018 Q2 T2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 3 / 6 = 0.5 2018 Q2 T2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES 44 / 116 = 0.379 2018 Q2 T2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 20 / 35 = 0.571 2018 Q3 T2 0.549 2018 Geography, Planning and Development 2018 Q2 Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment 2018 Q2 Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law 2018 Q2 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion (orcid)0000-0001-9263-7321 Calvo, G. (orcid)0000-0003-0702-733X Valero, A. Universidad de Zaragoza (orcid)0000-0003-3330-1793 Valero, A. Universidad de Zaragoza 5004 590 Universidad de Zaragoza Dpto. Ingeniería Mecánica Área Máquinas y Motores Térmi. 10, 3 (2018), 723 [18 pp] Sustainability (Basel) Sustainability (Switzerland) 2071-1050 605437 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/70218/files/texto_completo.pdf Versión publicada 110576 http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/70218/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon icon Versión publicada oai:zaguan.unizar.es:70218 articulos driver 2020-01-17-22:04:00 ARTICLE