doi:10.1007/s11831-018-9301-4engChinesta, F.Cueto, E.Abisset-Chavanne, E.Duval, J.L.Khaldi, F.E.Virtual, Digital and Hybrid Twins: A New Paradigm in Data-Based Engineering and Engineered DataART-2018-109564Engineering is evolving in the same way than society is doing. Nowadays, data is acquiring a prominence never imagined. In the past, in the domain of materials, processes and structures, testing machines allowed extract data that served in turn to calibrate state-of-the-art models. Some calibration procedures were even integrated within these testing machines. Thus, once the model had been calibrated, computer simulation takes place. However, data can offer much more than a simple state-of-the-art model calibration, and not only from its simple statistical analysis, but from the modeling and simulation viewpoints. This gives rise to the the family of so-called twins: the virtual, the digital and the hybrid twins. Moreover, as discussed in the present paper, not only data serve to enrich physically-based models. These could allow us to perform a tremendous leap forward, by replacing big-data-based habits by the incipient smart-data paradigm.2018http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/8619710.1007/s11831-018-9301-4http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/86197oai:zaguan.unizar.es:86197info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/DGA/T24-17Rinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MINECO/DPI2015-72365-EXPinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MINECO/DPI2017-85139-C2-1-RARCHIVES OF COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING 27 (2018), 105–134All rights reservedhttp://www.europeana.eu/rights/rr-f/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess